determinants of respiratory health

Question 1

affects of ageing on the respiratory system

Answer 1

-elasticity of lungs decreases
-joints in thoracic cage become stiffer
-strength and flexibility of respiratory muscles decrease
-vital capacity and blood oxygen levels decrease
-elderly are often hypoxic and exhibit sleep apnoea
-loss of ciliary action
-more risks of respiratory tract infection

Question 2

short term respiratory affects to exercise-ventilation

Answer 2

-ventilation increases to meet the increased demands by muscles from O2 and remove extra CO2

Question 3

short term respiratory affects to exercise-stimulated

Answer 3

-largely stimulated by respiratory centers such as medulla in the brain

Question 4

short term respiratory affects to exercise-cardiac output

Answer 4

-as cardiac output rises, the blood flow to the lungs, termed pulmonary perfusion, increases

Question 5

short term respiratory affects to exercise-O2 diffusion

Answer 5

-the O2 diffusing capacity may increase 3x during maximal exercise
-so there is greater alveolar surface area available for O2 diffusion

Question 6

long term respiratory affects to exercise

Answer 6

-deep breathing exercises improve intercostal muscle strength

Question 7

long term respiratory affects to exercise- reduces need for hyperventilation by:

Answer 7

-increasing tidal volume
-improving muscle metabolism and oxygen needs
-improving vascular function
-improving efficiency of mitochondria

Question 8

what does the respiratory system utilise to defend itself?

Answer 8

-mucus
-alveolar macrophages
-coughs/sneezing

Question 9

what does cigarette smoke do?

Answer 9

cigarette smoke inhibits and ult

Question 10

how does the body prevent mucus from accumulating in the lungs?

Answer 10

coughing

Question 11

what happens when someone stops smoking

Answer 11

-ciliary function usually recovers within a few weeks
-‘smoker’s cough’ subsides

Question 12

what does smoking damage?

Answer 12

-alveoli, which affects gas exchange

Question 13

what is the affect of carbon monoxide?

Answer 13

-displaces carbon monoxide in haemoglobin complex in red blood cells

Question 14

what is the affect of PM if it enters the nose or mouth?

Answer 14

-irritate nasal and oral cavities

Question 15

mucus in the trachea can eliminate … but …

Answer 15

mucus in the trachea can eliminate larger particles but PM10 can remain

Question 16

what can reach the brionchioles

Answer 16

PM2.5

Question 17

what can reach the alveoli

Answer 17

PM0.1