structural organisation Flashcards
anatomy
study of the body structure, the shape and parts
physiology
the study of the function of body parts
level of organisation
- atoms and molecules- chemical level
- cells
- tissue
- organs
- organ system
- organism
structure of an atom
-nucleus
-protons
-neutrons
-with electrons on the shell
main chemicals in the body
-oxygen
-carbon
-hydrogen
-nitrogen
where is oxygen found in the body?
part of water, organic molecules, generates ATP
where is carbon found in the body?
backbone of all organic molecules
where is hydrogen found in the body?
part of water, most organic molecules
where is nitrogen found in the body?
forms the nucleic acids and protein
what are the types of chemical reaction?
-synthesis
-decomposition
-exchange
what is synthesis and an example?
-smaller particles are bonded together to create larger, more complex molecules
-amino acid production
what is decomposition and what is an example?
-bonds are broken in larger molecules, leaving smaller, less complex molecules
-glycogen broken down to produce glucose units
what is exchange and what is an example?
-bonds are made and broken
-ATP to ADP
what is activation energy?
the energy needed to start a reaction
what is a catalyst?
speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
how does cellular respiration work?
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water +energy
how does ATP drive cellular work?
-ATP provides the cell energy needed for energy-absorbing chemical reactions
-ATP drives the transport of certain solutes across a cell membrane
-ATP activates contractile proteins in muscle cells so that the cells can shorten and perform mechanical work
label a cell membrane
label a plasma membrane
structure of nucleus
-nuclear envelope
-chromatin
-nucleolus
-nuclear pores
what is a nuclear envelope?
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
what is chromatin?
-mixture of DNA and proteins
what is nucleolus?
-responsible for producing ribosomes
what are nuclear pores?
protein lined channel that controls the movement of molecules
what are two stages of gene and protein expression (protein synthesis)?
-transcription
-translation
what is transcription?
what is translation?
what is the structure of the cytoplasm?
-cytosol
-inclusions
-organelles
what is the process of cell division?
- interphase- G1, S, G2
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis
types of cells
-epithelial
-muscle
-nervous
what are epithelial cells, and an example?
forms boundaries, lines/covers structures
skin, gut lining
what are connective cells, and an example?
support, protects, cushions, binds tissue
bone, cartilage, tendons
what are nervous cells, and an example?
internal communication and control
brain, spinal cord
what are skeletal muscles?
voluntarily controlled
pull on bones so muscles can move
lots of striations, lots of nuclei
what are cardiac muscles?
involuntary movement
responsible for the heart
striations
one cell nucleus
what are smooth (visceral) muscle?
found in the walls of hollow organs
no striations
one nucleus
what are nervous tissue?
very easily triggered
conduct electrochemical impulses
lots of support cells around the nerves
