pregnancy and lactation Flashcards
fertilisation
-visibility- oocyte for 24 hours, sperm for 48 hours
-fertilisation occurs in the uterine tube no more than 24 hours
-sperm travel to uterine tube
-sperm enzymes undergoes second meiotic division to produce ovum and a polar body
contraception: preventing pregnancy
-vasectomy
-combination pill
-tubal ligation
-MAR or emergency contraceptive pill
-condoms
-abstinence
vasectomy
-cutting ductus deferens prevention of sperm
-promotes sterility
-male retains secondary sex characteristics
combination pill
-constant supply of ovarian hormones
-ovarian folicles do not mature
-ovulation ceases
-menstrual flow reduces
tubal litigation
-cut or cauterize uterine tubes
MAP or emergency contraceptive pill
-taken within three days
-disrupts hormone signals preventing fertilization
religious views of reproduction
-differing views over abortion
-in some religions only allowed in certain situations
teratogens
-any agent or influence that can cause developmental defects in an embryo
teratogens
-alcohol
-viruses
-industrial chemicals
-some hormones
-antibiotics
-cocaine
-smoking
-ionizing radiation
what does alcohol cause for the fetus?
fetal alcohol syndrome-neurological abnormalities
what does smoking cause for the fetus?
-linked to low infant birth weight
-cardiac abnormalities
-anencephaly
-higher infant
-fetal mortality rates
what does ionizing radiation cause to the fetus?
-exposure of the mother to x rays or radioactive radiation isotopes during pregnancy may cause microcephaly (small head), mental defects and skeletal deformities
what are environmental tertogens?
-exposure to developing fetuses to air pollution and increasing extreme heat due to climate change
what can environmental teratogens cause?
-premature birth, stillborn and abnormal birth weight
-poor neurodevelopment
-poor lung development
-increased respiratory and cardiovascular disease in adulthood
-greater risk of cancer, diabetes and obesity
impacts of human chorion gondatropin (hCG)
-hCG levels peak at about the 9th week
-hCG inhibits menstruation, prevents corpus luteum degenerating
-the chorion secretes oestrogen after the first 3 or 4 weeks of pregnancy and progesterone by the 9th week
-maintains endometrium, prepares mother’s body for birth and mammary glands for lactation
maternal changes during pregnancy
-in early pregnancy, mother tires easily
-morning sickness due to elevated progesterone and oestrogen
-weight increase
-posture changes
-accentuated spinal curvature
-blood volume, blood pressure and pulse increases
what does organ crowding lead to?
-heartburn
-constipation
-bladder compression
-stress incontinence
-dyspnea (difficulity)
childbirth/labour
-dilation stage (6-12 hours)
-expulsion stage (50 min-2 hours)
-placental stage (15 min after birth)
dilation stage
-cervix dilates
-uterine contractions begin
expulsion stage
-infant passes through the cervix and vagina
placental stage
-afterbirth
-delivery of placenta and attached fetal membranes
-all fragments should be removed to prevent bleeding
false and true labour
-false labour: irregular contractions, discharge of blood with mucus
-true labour: uterine contractions occur at regular intervals
female mammary glands
-modified sweat glands, present in males, but only functions in females
-function is to produce milk to nourish a newborn (lactation) stimulated by oxytocin and prolactin
-stimulated by sex hormones
-alveolar glands- produce milk when a woman is lactating
the physiology of lactation
benefits of associated with breast feeding
-supports optimal infant growth
-chemical composition of mother’s milk is ideal for the baby’s brain development, growth and digestion
-breast feeding leads to a reduction in several diseased
-several types of white blood cells
mammogram
-x ray examination that detects breast cancer too small to feel
-offered to young women who have a family history or specific gene mutation such as BRCA 1/2
breast cancer treatments
-lumpectomy
-mastectomy
-chemotherapy
-hormone therapy
