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Therio - RUSS > Stallions > Flashcards

Stallions Flashcards

1
Q

When would you perform BSE:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Routine Pre-season
  2. Pre-sale
  3. Investigation of a problem
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2
Q

BSE Aspects:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. History and ID
  2. PE
  3. Collect to ejaculates an hour apart, proxy for daily sperm output. Calculate motility and morphology of second ejaculate.
  4. Any special tests
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3
Q

BSE: History and ID:

  1. ID to look for:
  2. History to examine:
A
  1. Tattoo, brand, color, markings, photos

2. General health and breeding history

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4
Q

General PE:

  1. 2.
    3.
    4.
A
  1. Body condition
  2. Musculoskeletal system
  3. Inherited defects
  4. Lab tests
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5
Q

Repro tract PE:

External genitalia: examine:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Scrotum and testes
  2. TSW
  3. Testicular dimension
  4. Testicular volume
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6
Q

Semen Collections
Artificial Vagina options:

1.
2.
3.
etc

A
  1. Missouri
  2. Nishikawa
  3. CSU
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7
Q

When to use Ground collection for semen?

A

If they have muscuoloskeletal disorders or if it’s more conveninent

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8
Q

Chemical Ejaculation methods:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Adrenergic response
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Imipramine
  4. Xylazine
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9
Q

Aspects of Semen Evaluated:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
  1. Volume (via gel or filtration)
  2. Color and consistency
  3. Sperm concentration
  4. pH
  5. Sperm motility
  6. Sperm morphology
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10
Q

Stallion semen characteristics:

  1. Volume?
  2. Sperm concentration?
  3. Total sperm?
A
  1. 50 mL
  2. 120x10^6/mL
  3. 5-15x10^9
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11
Q

Stallion semen characteristics:

  1. Motility?
  2. Morphology?
A
  1. > 60%

2. >60%

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12
Q

Additional tests you can perform on semen:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Seminal plasma alkaline phosphatase
  2. Electron microscopy
  3. DNA stability = sperm chromatin structure assay
  4. Hormone assay
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13
Q

Daily sperm output is affected by:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Season
  2. Testicular size
  3. Age
  4. Sexual behavior
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14
Q

Second ejaculate averages what percent of the first?

A

55%

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15
Q

Shuttle stallions:

  1. Best not to expose to _____-
  2. Fertility (is/is not) affected?
  3. High live foal rates with….
A
  1. artifical short of long days
  2. is not
  3. largest mare books
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16
Q
  1. Testicular Volume (TV) =

2. Daily sperm output (DSO) =

A
  1. .5233 x Width x Height x Length (cm)
  2. .024 x TV - 1
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17
Q

Age has what affect on sperm output

1.
2.

A
  1. increased testicular size

2. increased epididymal sperm reserves

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18
Q

increased requency of ejaculation has what affect on daily sperm output:

  1. reaction time?
  2. mounts/ejaculate?
A
  1. Delayed reaction time

2. Increased mounts per ejaculate

19
Q

Increased frequency of ejaculation has what affect on:

  1. motility?
  2. pH?
A
  1. Increased motility

2. more alkaline

20
Q

Motility and sperm choice for AI:

  1. Fresh semen?
  2. Cooled semen?
  3. Frozen semen?
A
  1. 500 million progressively motile
  2. 1 billion
  3. 800 mil to 1 bil, but 240 mil minimum at thawing
21
Q

Categories of abnormal ejaculates:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Pyospermia
  2. Hemospermia
  3. Urospermia
22
Q

Pyospermia:

  1. Presence of ___ and __-
  2. Subclassification?
  3. Causes may be anywhere from __, __, ___, ___
A
  1. Pus (WBC) and debris
  2. Leukospermia (leukocytes in ejaculate)
  3. skin, urethra, bladder, upper repro tract.
23
Q

How to diagnose pyospermia?

A

culture semen, urethra before and after ejaculation

24
Q

Fractionate semen:

  1. Presperm is from..
  2. Sperm rich (~first three jets) is from
  3. Sperm poor is from…
  4. Gel fraction is from..
A
  1. Bulbourethral glands, urethra
  2. Epidiymis, ampullae (testes)
  3. Prostate and vesicular glands
  4. Vesicular glands
25
Q

Hemospermia:

  1. Diagnosis?
A
  1. Try to identify source. Is it in erect vs flaccid penis? Examine fractionate ejaculate
26
Q

Urospermia:

  1. Explain how it can be caused be emission?
A
  1. Thoracolumbar reflex arc: Contraction of smooth muscles of ductus deferens and accessory glands as well as bladder trigone (a-adrenergic sympathetic fibers f
27
Q

Urospermia:

  1. Explain how it can be caused by ejaculation?
A
  1. Sacral reflex
28
Q

Causes of Urospermia:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
  1. Cauda equina neuritis
  2. EHV-1
  3. HPP
  4. Cystitis or urolithiasis
  5. Fractures , osteomyelitis, neoplasia
  6. Idiopathic
29
Q

Urospermia affects what aspects of sperm?

1.
2.

  1. Usually an (intermittent/constant) effect?
A
  1. pH
  2. Osmolality
  3. intermittent
30
Q

Urospermia Tx:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
  1. Prognosis?
A
  1. Completely empty bladder before ejaculation
  2. Furosemide to dilute any urine contamination
  3. Bladder lavage
  4. Dilute raw semen immediately
  5. A-adrenergics like imiprimine or pheynlpropanolamine
  6. poor
31
Q

Retrograde ejaculation is (rare/common)?

32
Q

Cryptochidism:

  1. Normal testicular descent occurs when?
  2. What is the name for the evagination of peritoneum into scrotum?
A
  1. during last 30 days in utero or first 10 days after birth

2. vaginal process

33
Q

Cryptorcidism:

Gubernaculum is made up of:

1.
2.
3.

A

.1. Proper ligament of testis

  1. Caudal ligament of epididymis
  2. Scrotal ligament
34
Q

Cryptorcidism:

  1. __-__% of male foals affected
35
Q

Ways to diagnose Cryptorchidism

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
  1. Rectal exam
  2. U/S
  3. Resting Testosterone conc.
  4. hCG/GnRH stimulation
  5. Basal estrone sulfate
  6. AMH
36
Q

Testicular Trauma:

  1. a common etiology?
  2. Tx focuses on _____. How to accomplish?
A
  1. kick by mare
  2. Rapid resolution of inflam.
    NSAIDs, ice, hydrotherapy, sling, hand walking
37
Q

Infectious orchitis:

  1. Caused by ___, ____, ___-

Tx:

  1. Two medical options?
  2. Surgical option?
A
  1. Trauma, hematogenous spread, peritonitis
  2. Antimicrobial therapy, supportive therapy
  3. Unilateral orchiectomy
38
Q

Testicular Neoplasia:

  1. (rare/common?)
  2. 4 main different kinds they can get?
A
  1. Uncommon

2. Teratoma, Seminoma, Interstitial cell tumor, Sertoli cell tumor

39
Q

Testicular neoplasia:

  1. Most common one in young horses?
  2. Most common one in older males?
  3. Rarest one?
A
  1. Teratoma
  2. Seminoma
  3. Sertoli Cell tumor
40
Q

Testicular Degeneration:

  1. D/T?
  2. Clinical sign?
  3. Definitive dx?
  4. Tx?
A
  1. Acquired atrophy of seminiferous tubules
  2. Elevated testicular temp
  3. Definitive diagnosis by biopsy
  4. none
41
Q

Hydrocele (vaginocele)

  1. Definition?
  2. Typicially extension from ___
  3. Most common etiology?
  4. Diagnose via ___ or ___
A
  1. Serous fluid between visceral and parietal layers of vaginal tunic
  2. Ascites
  3. Idiopathic
  4. Palpation and U/S
42
Q

Hydrocele tx options:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Spontaneous resolution
  2. Move to cooler environment
  3. Exercise
  4. Sclerotherapy used in men, not reported in horses
43
Q

Variocele:

  1. Def?
  2. D/T:
  3. Dx via…
A
  1. Dilation of vessels of pampiniform plexus
  2. Incompetent testicular vein
  3. Palpation, U/S, Doppler
44
Q

Spermatic cord / Testicular torsion:

  1. Usually within ____
  2. What gets torsed?
  3. Typical clinical presentation?
  4. Tx for severe cases?
A
  1. Within vaginal tunic
  2. Long proper ligament of testis, or epididymal ligament
  3. Subclinical, ejaculate quality may be affected
  4. surgical removal

Therio - RUSS (23 decks)

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