Pig Repro 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Duration of Farrowing?
A
1 to 5 hours
2
Q
Duration of more than ____ between piglets indicates trouble
A
1.5 minutes
3
Q
Benefits to induction:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
A
- Allows farrowing during working hours
- Ensures all-in/all-out management
- Allows cross-fostering piglets between litters
- Piglet size will be more uniform
- improved labor efficiency.
- Improved piglet survival
- Improved facility utilzation
4
Q
What drug class is more recommended for induction of parturition, prostaglandins or corticosteroids? Why?
A
Prostaglandins, corticosteroids will have too much lag and poor piglet survival if given too early.
5
Q
Prostaglandins as parturition inducers:
- Two options?
A
- 10-50 mg Lutalyse or 175ug Estrumate (closprostanol)
6
Q
Prostaglandins as parturition inducers:
- Administer on what day of gestation?
- Farrowing will occur how soon after admin?
A
- 112-113
2. 18-36 hours later
7
Q
Two most common causes of porcine dystocia?
A
Uterine inertia and fetal maldisposition
8
Q
Medical Therapy fo Dystocia:
- 2.
3.
A
- Manual extraction of piglets after manipulation
- Oxytocin 20-30 IU IM every 30 min.
- Calcium
9
Q
Cesarean Section:
- Vertical incision location?
- Horizontal incision location?
A
- left flank
2. parallel to underline
10
Q
C-section:
- Usually need to incise (one/two) horns?
- Closing pattern?
A
- two (both)
2. inverting patterns
11
Q
Complications during parturition?
1.
2.
3.
A
- Prolapsed vagina, uterus and/or bladder
- Vulvar hematomas/tears
- Vaginal discharge/metritis
12
Q
Prolapses during Parturition:
Prepartum Vaginal Prolapse:
- Tx?
- (is/is not) likely to recur?
A
- repair with a suture after placing back in
2. is
13
Q
Prolapses during Parturition:
Uterine Prolapse:
- Prognosis?
- Occurs when?
- ____ may be needed
A
- GRAVE
- postpartum or intrapartum
- amputation (if necrotic or torn)
14
Q
Vulvar hematomas and tears during Parturition:
- Etiology?
- (can/cannot) suture back in?
A
- mechanical damage to flaccid vulva near parturition
2. cannot.
15
Q
Vaginal discharge and metritis during parturition:
- Don’t confuse with what?
- Appearence?
- See with what two pregnancy complications?
- CxS in sow?
A
- normal lochia 1-5 days postpartum
- necrotic malodorous discharge
- dystocias and/or RFMs
- Anorectic and febrile
16
Q
Methods to reduce piglet mortality:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 .
A
- Supervised farrowings
- Cros-foster within 24-48 hours postpartum
- Vaccinate females pre-farrowing
- Feed females according to BCS
- Choose appropriate farrowing crate design
- Cull gilts that savage their piglets
17
Q
What day range would be considered:
- Resorption?
- Mummification?
- Stillbirths?
A
- 0-35 days
- 35-114
- 114 - farrowing
18
Q
Early Embryonic death:
- Generally, how many embryos suffer EED prior to implantation?
- If > ___ embryos, pregnancy remains with decrease in litter size
A
- 2 - 2.5
2. > 4 embryos
19
Q
Early Embryonic Death:
- Fetal death < ___ days = regular returns
- Fetal death > ___ days = irregular returns
A
- < 14 days
2. > 35 days
20
Q
Mummification:
- What will happen if entire litter is mummified?
A
- will progress to psuedopregnancy > 114 days
21
Q
Stillbirth:
- Full term piglets born dead, but grossly normal except for…
A
- un-inflated lungs
22
Q
Noninfectious causes of infertility:
- 2.
A
- Hydrosalpinx
2. Cystic Ovarian disease
23
Q
Most common cause of infertility?
Second most common?
A
Hydrosalpinx
Cystic Ovarian Disease
24
Q
Hydrosalpinx etiology?
A
secondary to bursitis or peritonitis that result in adhesions
25
Cystic Ovarian Disease:
1. (single/multiple) cysts?
2. Clinical Presentation?
1. multiple
| 2. irregular cycles or anestrus
26
Cystic ovarian disease
1. ___-___% of infertile cows have it?
2. Do not respond to ___ therapy.
3. Can be caused by...
1. 20-50%
2. hormonal
3. estrus induction agents
27
Other non-infectious causes of infertility:
1.
2.
3.
1. Anatomical or congenital abnormalites
2. Environmental causes
3. Nutritional causes
28
Anatomical or congenital abnormalities that can cause infertility:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. segmental aplasia
2. uterus unicornum
3. missing cervix
4. hermaphroditic
29
Three mechanisms by which infectious disease can cause infertility from infecting a boar?
1.
2.
3.
1. Direct disruption of spermatogenesis via localization within the parenchyma
2. Indirect disruption of spermatogenesis via fever
3. Shed in the semen and causes disease in females
30
Infectious agents cause infertility in a boar by causing direct disruption of spermatogenesis via localization within the parenchyma:
1.
2.
3.
1. Brucella
2. Chlamydia
3. Rubulavirus
31
Infectious agents that are shed in the semen and cause disease in females:
```
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
```
1. Classic swine fever
2. Leptospira
3. psuedorabies virus
4. Parvovirus
5. PRRS virus
32
Bacteria that cause infertility in a sow:
1.
2.
3.
1. Lepto
2. Brucella
3. Erysipelas
33
Viruses that cause infertility in the sow:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. PRRS virus
2. Parvovirus
3. Pseudorabies virus
4. Classic swine fever
34
Two means by which bacteria are pathogenic:
1.
2.
1. Introduced into the repro tract during breeding or parturition
2. Resulting septicemia can cause loss of a pregnancy and subsequent repro problems
35
Most common cause of porcine pregnancy loss?
Lepto. L. pamona specifically
36
Epidemiology of Lepto in sows?
Brought in by carrier animals, than penetrates mucous membranes
37
Clinical Signs of Lepto:
1. What happens to pregnancy?
2. Clinical signs in sow?
3. Immunity after?
1. mummified and macerated
2. mild
3. immunity lasts for 1 year after aboriton
38
Prevention and Treatment of Lepto:
1. Vax?
2. ____ in the feed help to reduce shedding, but do not....
1. Every 6 months, usually in combo with parvovirus
2. Antibiotics (tetracyclines)
DOES NOT ELIMINATE CARRIER STATE
39
1. Lepto (is/is not) a reportable disease?
| 2. Brucella suis (is/is not) a reportable disease?
1. Is not
| 2. Is
40
Brucella suis:
1. Repro effects in Sow?
2. In boar?
1. abortions, still birth, infertility. Piglet mortality
| 2. orchitis
41
Brucella suis:
1. Transmission?
introduced and transmited by boar. They can carry it for > 4 years. Infections occur at coitus or ingestion of infected material
42
B. Suis:
1. End result if sow is infectd between days 30-40?
2. (sows/boars) shed large numbers of bacteria?
1. Abortion between days 65-80.
| 2. Sows
43
B. Suis:
1. Lesions in sows?
1. granulomatous lesions in uterus, ovaries, testes, ASG, liver, kidney.
44
B. Suis:
1. No ___ immunity.
2. Can also be spread by what two other animals?
1. durable immunity
| 2. rabbits and rodents
45
Prevention of B. Suis:
1.
2.
1. Report positive animals
| 2. Test and slaughter, than buy replacements from certified brucellosis-free herd.
46
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae:
1. Clinical significance?
2. What happens in acute cases?
1. Many pigs carry it on tonsils w/o CxS.
| 2. organism enters circulation via pharynx and infects blood vessels
47
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae:
1. How is it transmitted?
2. Clinical course depends on ___-
1. Via contaminated feed and water
| 2. Stress = acute or chronic
48
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae:
Clinical presentation in:
1. Little pigs?
2. Gilts?
3. Sows?
1. arthritis
2. fever and skin lesions
3. abortion secondary to fever and septicemia
49
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome:
1. Organism type?
2. Sow mortality rate?
3. Transmission?
1. Arterivirus.
2. 5-10%
3. Direct contact w/ semen, aerosols
50
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome:
Two clinical forms it can take?
1.
2.
1. Repro failure
| 2. Post-weaning respiratory disease
51
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome:
Repro Failure form has what clinical effects?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. premature farrowing
2. Increased stillbirths/mummies
3. weak neonates
4. increased abortion
52
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome:
Post-weaning respiratory disease form has what clinical effects?
1.
2.
1. decreased average daily gain
| 2. increased mortality
53
Diagnosis of Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome:
1. ____ = preferred
2.
1. herd serology
| 2. virus isolation from aborted fetuses
54
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome: Prevention and Treatment:
1.
2.
3.
1. Symptomatic therapy
2. ISOLATION AND ACCLIMATIZATION
3. Vax with MLV or killed product
55
Porcine Parvovirus:
1. clinical presentation?
SMEDI - stillbirths, mummies, embryonic death, infertility
56
Porcine Parvovirus:
Routes on infection?
oral, venereal
57
Porcine Parvovirus:
Pathogenesis?
viremia -->transplacental crossing ---> fetal vasculitis and death
58
Porcine Parvovirus:
Litters with dead fetuses and embryos may be carried > ____days
114
59
Porcine Parvovirus:
most commonly affects what type of pregnant animals?
naive replacement gilts
60
Porcine Parvovirus:
T/F: Sows infected do not usually show signs until farrowing
T
61
Porcine Parvovirus: Diagnosis methods:
1.
2.
3.
4. ***
1. Gross and histological evaluation of lesions on aborted fetuses
2. Examine vax program
3. Serology
4. Clinical signs of increased irregular returns to estrus and increased mummies******
62
Porcine Parvovirus:
Prevention and treatment:
1.
2.
3.
1. Proper acclimatization of replacement gilts****
2. Regular vaccination of breeding herd
3. No treatment except for suportive care for the aborting sows or gilts
63
Aujesky's aka ___
Pseudorabies
64
Pseudorabies:
1. Causative organism?
2. Can cause ____, ___, ____
1. Herpes virus
| 2. encephalities, repro failure, reduced litter size
65
Pseudorabies:
1. (can/cannot) be transmitted in semen?
1. Can. Especially if boar is under stress
66
Pseudorabies:
Transmission methods?
1.
2.
3.
4.
None-to-nose contact, fecal oral, aerosol, semen
67
Pseudorabies:
Clinical signs if:
1. Young (< 7 days)?
2. Weaned pigs and older?
3. Shared between all ages?
4. Pregnant?
1. CNS signs
2. Resp. Signs
3. Fever, anorexia, weight loss
4. resorption, abortion, increased mummies and stillbirths
68
Pseudorabies:
Diagnosis:
1.
2.
3.
1. Gross +/- histological lesions (pulmonary edema, meningioencephalitis)
2. Virus isolation
3. Serology
69
Pseudorabies:
Prevention methods:
1.
2.
1. Eradication of whole herd population or positive breeding animals.
2. Vax with a G1 gene-deleted product
70
Hog Cholera:
1. Hog Cholera (is/is not) reportable?
2. Pseudorabies (is/is not) reportable
1. Is
| 2. Is not
71
Hog Cholera:
1. Current US Status?
1. Reportable disease eradicated in the 1970s.
72
Hog Cholera:
1. aka _____
2. Natural host?
1. classical swine fever
| 2. Pigs
73
Hog Cholera:
Clinical Signs:
```
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
```
1. Anorexia
2. Cyanosis
3. Fever
4. Diarrhea
5. Vomiting
6. Abortions
74
Hog Cholera:
Best diagnostic test to differentiate from other viral infections?
Fluorescent antibody test
75
Zearalenone
1. aka ____
2. causes ______
1. fusarium roseum
| 2. implantation failure
76
Zearalenone
1. Clinical presentation in females?
2. In prepubertal males?
1. signs of estrus, mammary development and vaginal discharge
2. reduced testicular development and feminization
77
Other moldy feed toxins:
1.
2.
3.
1. Trichotecene toxin
2. Fumonison
3. Aflatoxin
78
Other moldy feed toxin effects:
1. Trichotecene toxin?
2. Fumonism?
3. Aflatoxin?
1. toxic to embryos and fetus
2. indirect cause of abortion via severe reduction in cardiac output of sows
3. poor piglet growth
79
Carbon monoxide:
1. _____ is considered a toxic dose.
2. Clinical presentation?
3. End result?
1. 220 ppm
2. cherry red tissues from carboxyhemoglobin
3. late-term abortions
80
Nutritional Factors and their effect on reproduction:
1. decreased Ca/P?
2. Iodine?
3. Selenium?
1. farrowing difficulty (inertia)
2. increased stillbirths
3. MMA, primary uterine inertia
81
Nutritional Factors and their effect on reproduction:
1. low iron?
2. low protein?
3. low energy?
4. high energy?
1. piglet anemia and stillbirths
2. increased WEI (Weaning to Estrus Interval)
3. increased WEI
4. decreased litter size
