Canine Male Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome:
A complication of what surgery?
More common in cats or dogs?
OHE
Cats
Diagnosis of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome:
1.
2.
3
4.
- Cytology indicating proestrus/estrus
- U/S reveals soft tissue mass
- Hormones
- Administration of GnRH or hCG, than checking P4 1-2 weeks later
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome:
Hormone levels that would diagnose it?
1.
2.
- Estradiol > 20 pg/mL
2. P4 > 2 ng/mL in diestrus
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome:
Treatment:
1.
2.
- Exploratory laparotomy to remove ovary
2. Submit for histopath
Limitations of Different methods of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome diagnosis:
- Vaginal cytology?
- LH?
- Stimulation testing?
- useful only if animal presents during late proestrus or estrus
- A single high LH test will not confirm spay status. False positives can occur.
- costly and requires multiple blood tests
Spaychek - Preventia Diagnostics:
- Tests what hormone? Where is that hormone made?
- Anti-Mullerian hormones, produced by ovarian follicles
Vaginitis:
- Definition
small amount of purulent discharge in prepubertal bitch
Vaginitis:
Best treatment method?
Scientific neglect
Vaginitis:
Main clinical sign?
recessed vulva
Vaginitis in Puppy:
Treatment?
Estrogen therapy, and delay spay until 1st estrus
Vaginitis: Adult onset:
Primarily seen in what animals?
bitches spayed before their estrus cycle
Vaginitis: Adult onset:
DDx:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- skin disease (perivulvar dermatitis)
- Anatomic - inverted juvenile vulva
- Urinary tract infections
- Foreign bodies
- tumors
Treatment for Adult vaginitis: Hormonal?
1.
2.
3.
4. Treat for how long?
- DES to thicken vaginal epithelium and improve urinary incontinence
- Estrogen cream
- Premarin tablets (conjugated estrogens)
- Continue until > 70% anucleated superficial cells, than maintain 10 days past that
Treatment for Adult vaginitis: Surgery
- Method?
- benefit?
- Do it when?
- removal of excess skin folds around the vulva
- Allows freer voiding of urine
- only done when problem is serious
3 main infectious diseases of canine repro
1.
2.
3.
- Brucella canis
- Mycoplasma
- Canine Herpesvirus
Canine Brucellosis:
2 main clinical effects?
- Abortion due to placentitis
2. Orchitis/epididymitis
Canine Brucellosis:
Transmission methods?
MM contact or contact with organism
Canine Brucellosis:
Will find _____ in placenta and epidiymis
erythritol
Canine Brucellosis:
Diagnosis via:
- Absolute confirmation?
- Good screening test?
- To rule out false positives?
- Good specific test?
- Use ___ to differentiate from other issues.
- Culture ( may be painful)
- Rapid Slide Agglutination test
- Agar Gel immunodiffusion test
- Immunofluorescent antibody test
- U/S to differentiate from other issues
Canine Brucellosis:
You should test dog if testes are (shrunken/enlarged)?
enlarged
Canine Brucellosis:
Usually treat by ____ + _____
castration and antibiotics
Brucella Canis Rapid Slide Agglutination Test
Technique Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- 1 drop of control in one test circle and one drop of patient sample in the other.
- Add 1 drop of agglutination antigen and mix
- Gently rock card for 10-15 seconds.
- place on flat surface and observe for agglutination for no longer than 2 minutes
Interpretation of Brucella Rapid Slide Agglutination Test results:
- False negatives occur when:
- False positives occur for what two reasons?
- Early in disease process?
2. Lack of specificity of test, cross-reactivity with other antigens
Plan for Brucella canis if:
Positive results in routine screen?
AGID to rule out false positive
Plan for Brucella canis if:
positive with clinical signs?
Blood or discharge cultures
Plan for Brucella canis if:
negative on routine screen?
no other test needed
Plan for Brucella canis if:
negative with clinical signs?
3 monthly tests to rule out false negative
Ways to prevent Brucella canis:
1.
2.
3.
- test all new additions three times before introducing to population
- Test all breeding animals annually to biannually
- AI can decrease male exposure
Mycoplasma
Treatment?
Doxycycline 5-8 mg/kg po BID
T/F: Mycoplasma can also be in male dogs.
T
Clinical signs of Mycoplasma infection:
1.
2.
3.
- low conception
- abnormal cells in semen
- high rate of fetal resportion
T/F: Mycoplasma infections take a long time to treat compared to Ureaplasma infection
F they both take a long time to treat
Mycoplasma Dx:
Requires…
guarded culture swab and special growth medium
Canine Herpevirus:
- Main clinical effect?
Neonatal death
Canine Herpesvirus
- A ____-sensitive virus that replicates in….
- temperature
oronasal pharynx
Canine Herpesvirus
- (low/high) morbidity? Mortality?
- No illness in animals older than…
- High - Ubiquitous, near 100% mortality
2. older than 3 weeks
Critical time frame for canine herpesvirus
In the naive bitch?
last three weeks of pregnancy and first three weeks of neonatal life
Critical time frame for canine herpesvirus
No problems expected if exposed when?
1.
2.
- During breeding
2. after 2-3 weeks postpartum
Clinical Signs of Canine Herpesvirus:
In puppies?
Fading puppies:
crying, greenish stool, abdominal pain
Clinical Signs of Canine Herpesvirus:
Two ways to prevent further death in infected puppies?
- Give pooled serum from + female to puppies (after making sure the female donors are not shedding, just positive titers)
- Hyperimmune plasma
Clinical Signs of Canine Herpesvirus:
After the first litter, all subsequent litters from an infected bitch will be _(normal/infected)
normal
Clinical Signs of Canine Herpesvirus:
- Necropsy will reveal:
- Histopath?
- petechial hemorrhages in organs.
2. INIB
Management options if herpes is already in the kennel:
1.
2. Signs that it’s active?
3.
- Expose naive bitch to positive bitches so she gets it when not pregnant
- See nasal discharge and vesicles in vagina
- vax
Testicular Descent:
Testes should be in scrotum by what age?
10 days
Testicular Descent:
Considered cryptorchid if testicles not in scrotum by what age?
6 months
Testicular Descent:
How to diagnose?
Give 500 IU IM HcG (100 IU if large), than take baseline testosterone readings at 4hr and 8hr post injection.
Should more than double baseline testosterone if testes are present
Testicular Torsion
Treatment of choice?
Bilateral orchidectomy
What occurs within 4 hours of onset in testicular torsion
Autoantibodies against testicular tissue
Testicular Tumors:
Which kinds are most common:
_____ > _____ > ____
Sertoli > Seminoma > Leydig/interstitial cell
Testicular Tumors:
Which two kinds can have hormonal effects?
These hormonal effects can result in _____
Sertoli and Leydig
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Sertoli Cell Tumor:
Bilateral in ___%.
May be associated with ____ caused by secretion of ____
45
feminizing
estrogen
Testicular Tumors:
How to differentiate from Brucellosis?
by no pain on palpation, U/S, and biopsy
Which type of testicular tumor causes atrophy of opposite testis?
Sertoli
Cryptorchidism increases incidence of tumors by ____x, and specifically increases incidence of Sertoli cell tumors by ___x
13.6
23
Testicular tumor-induced hyperestrogenism: CxS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
- Pendulous prepuce
- Comedomes/hyperpigmentation
- Alopecia
- Testicular atrophy
- Prostatic cyst
- Gynecomastia
Causes of Azoospermia:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
- Retrograde ejaculation
- Incomplete ejaculation
- Pre-testicular causes
- Testicular causes
- Bilateral cryptochidism
- Testicular neoplasia
Diagnostic test for Incomplete ejaculation?
Alk phos in seminal fluid < 5000 U/L
Best way to diagnose Intersex animals?
Karyotyping
Transmissible Venereal Tumor:
- Transmission?
mucous membrane contact
Transmissible Venereal Tumor:
- Usually treatable via…
- Main differential?
- chemo (vincristine)
2. SCC
Transmissible Venereal Tumor:
(is/is not) a cause of azoospermia?
is NOT
Transmissible Venereal Tumor:
Cytology appearance?
Round cells, more cytoplasm, looks like histiocytoma
Urethral Prolapse:
- Genetic predisposition in what breed?
- Pathognomonic appearance?
- English bulldog
2. “red pea” appearance at tip of penis
Urethral Prolapse:
- etiologic causes:
- Tx?
- idiopathic or sexual arousal
2. Surgical removal of prolapse tissue
Priapism:
- Definition?
- Usually caused by ___ problem
- rare occurence of persistent erection
2. Neurologic
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia:
- (young/old) males?
- (intact/neutered)?
- mean age of onset?
- old
- intact
- 8 years
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia:
Clinical Signs:
- can be….
- primary complaint?
3.
4.
5.
6.
- asymptomatic
- serosanguineous urethral discharge
- hematuria/dysuria
- rectal tenesmus with ribbon-like flate feces
- caudal abdominal pain
- infertility
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia:
Diagnosis via:
Digital rectal palpation.
Digital Rectal Palation to dx Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia:
- In younger dogs, the prostate is normally where?
- in older dogs?
1, on the pelvic floor, close to the pelvic brim.
- over the pelvic brim, falling cranially into the abdomen.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia:
DDx:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Acute bacterial prostatitis
- Chronic bacterial prostatitis
- Prostatic adenocarcinoma
- Prostatic and paraprostatic cysts
Chronic Prostatitis
Dx via Prostatic Wash:
- Benign if…
- Tumor if…
- Septic if…
- uniform cells
- variable cells
- inflam cells
Chronic Prostatitis
- most common cause of bacterial prostatitis?
- treatment of choice?
E. Coli
Castration
BPH Drugs:
- ______ - Mechanism of Action?
Main drug in this class?
- 5a reductase inhibitors. Blocks the action of testosteroone and dihydrotestosterone.
Finasteride (proscar)
