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Therio - RUSS > Reproductive Toxicants and Induced Abortion > Flashcards

Reproductive Toxicants and Induced Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive Toxicants:

Teratogens:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Locoweed
  2. Poison Hemlock
  3. Lupines
  4. Tree tobacco
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2
Q

Reproductive Toxicants:

Abortion-Inducers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Locoweed
  2. Nitrates
  3. Ponderosa Pine
  4. Broomweed
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3
Q

Reproductive Toxicants:

Infertility-Causing:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Locoweed
  2. Fescue
  3. Insecticides (?)
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4
Q

Poison Hemlock:

Causes what?

A

Crooked Calf Syndrome = multiple congenital contractures

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5
Q

Poison Hemlock:

Causes Crooked Calf Syndrome if ingested when during gestation?

A

50-75 days into gestation

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6
Q

Lupines:

Two main ones?

A

Anagyrine and ammodendrine

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7
Q

Lupines:

Teratogenic effects:
1.
2.

A
  1. Severe limb and spinal deformities

2. Cleft palate

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8
Q

Lupines:

  1. Teratogenic effects occur if ingested when?
  2. Not teratogenic in what species?
A
  1. 40-70 days

2. Small ruminants

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9
Q

Tobacco:

Teratogenic effects?

A

Arthrogryposis of the forelimbs and curvature of the spine

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10
Q

Tobacco:

teratogenic effects occur if ingested when?

A

50-75 days into gestation

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11
Q

Locoweed

What are the two species of locoweed?

A

Astragalus and Oxytropis

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12
Q

Locoweed

What is the toxin?

A

Swainsonine

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13
Q

Locoweed

Clinical effects:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Neuro signs
  2. Abortion
  3. Fetal abnormalities - hydrops/arthrogryposis
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14
Q

Locoweed

___% of cattle grazing locoweed can abort

A

40%

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15
Q

Locoweed

Unique feature with cattle?

A

They get addicted.

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16
Q

Locoweed

Diagnosis via:

A

Circumstantial evidence

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17
Q

Locoweed

Relatively (small/large) economic loss

A

Large! More economic losses than any other plant

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18
Q

Ponderosa Pine:

Toxin?

A

Isocupressic acid

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19
Q

Ponderosa Pine:

___% abortion rate in cattle grazing pine needles

A

50%

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20
Q

Ponderosa Pine:
Abortion induced by what clinical effects:

1.
2.
3. Causes abortion if induced when?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction at caruncles
  2. Hemorrhagic placentitis
  3. > 3 days of gestation
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21
Q

Ponderosa Pine:

Diagnosis via:

A

history of ingestion + circumstantial evidence

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22
Q

Ponderosa Pine:

Feeding _____ reduces ingestion

A

corn silage

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23
Q

Broomweed and Snakeweed:

3 toxins:

A

mono and di-terpenes, saponins, oxygenated flavonol methyl esters

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24
Q

Broomweed and Snakeweed:

Toxicity varies according to:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Growing conditions
  2. Stage of growth
  3. Soil type
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25
Q

Broomweed and Snakeweed:

Clinical Effects:
1.
2.

A
  1. Abortion

2. Retained fetal membranes

26
Q

Fescue:

Specific organism?

A

Festuca arundinacea infected with the fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum

27
Q

Fescue:

Toxin?

A

Toxic alkaloids –> ergovaline

28
Q

Fescue:

Causes what clinical effect (not the disease, but the effect)

A

peripheral vasoconstriction

29
Q

Fescue:

Causes what disease in cattle?
Effects of this disease:
1.
2.

A

Summer Slump

  1. Decreased repro eff./infertility
  2. Decreased milk
30
Q

Fescue:

Methods to prevent:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Rotate off of fescue in the summer
  2. Re-plant pastures
  3. Avoid seedhead grazing
31
Q

Nitrates:

Nitrate accumulating plants:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Johnson grass
  2. Sudan grass
  3. oats
  4. wheat
  5. corn
32
Q

Nitrates:

_____ increase toxic nitrate after ingestion –> what condition of the blood?

A

rumen microbes

methemoglobinemia

33
Q

Nitrates:

Clinical effects:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Methemoglobiinemia
  2. Fetal hypoxia and death
  3. Late gestation abortions
34
Q

Nitrates:

Diagnosis?

A

test ocular fluid of aborted fetus

35
Q

Nitrates:

Prevention:

A

Test hay. >1% = toxic

36
Q

Insecticides:

What kind of insecticies? What is their purpose?

A

Pyrethroid insecticides.

Combat pests in beef cattle operations

37
Q

Insecticides:

Methods of application:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Topicals/Ear tags
  2. Back rubs
  3. Sprays
38
Q

Insecticides:

  1. Pyrethroids are metabolized by the same group of enzymes that….
  2. Thus….
A
  1. Clear steroid hormones.

2. Potential for reproduction to be altered if sex steroid profiles are disrupted

39
Q

Insecticides:

Effect on Bull fertility?

A

None!

40
Q

Reasons to induce abortion:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Accidental breeding of young heifers
  2. Pregnancy in feedlot heifer
  3. Fetal maceration
  4. Fetal mummification
  5. Hydrops conditions
41
Q

Dropsical Conditions:

1.
2.

A
  1. Hydrallantois

2. Hydamnios

42
Q

Hydrallantois:

Definition?
Occurs when?

A

abnormal accumulation of allantoic fluid

during 5-20 day period of last trimester

43
Q

Hydrallantois:

A (fetal/placental) dysfunction?

A

placental

44
Q

Hydamnios

Definition?

A

Gradual accumulation of excessive amniotic fluid

45
Q

Hydamnios

A (fetal/placental) dysfunction?

A

Fetal

46
Q

Which is more common, hydrallantois of hydamnios?

A

Hydrallantois

47
Q

Treatment methods for dropsical conditions:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Induce abortion
  2. Slow drainage of fluid over 24 hour period (making sure to replace lost fluid)
  3. constant monitoring via vaginal exam for relaxation of cervix
48
Q

T/F: Although dangerous, dropsical conditions will most likely not require assistance during delivery

A

F, will most likely require assistance

49
Q

Progesterone Sources in Cow:

___ origin for first 150 days of gestation

A
  1. Luteal
50
Q

Progesterone Sources in Cow:

Between days 150-250, the ____ acts as an additional source

A

placenta

51
Q

Progesterone Sources in Cow:

in the final month, _____ source declines and ____ source maintains

A

placental

luteal

52
Q

Drugs to induce abortion:

  1. ______: a) b)
  2. ________: a)
A
  1. Prostaglandins. a) estrumate. b) lutalyse

2. Corticosteroids: a) dexamethasone

53
Q

How does PGF cause abortion? Will occur when?

A

luteolysis. Any time it is given after day 5-6

54
Q

How do Corticosteroids cause abortion?

A

reduce placental P4 production (no effect on CL)

55
Q

Abortion Strategies: Cow

for days 5-150 of gestation?
1. ______ - result?

  1. _____ - result?
A
  1. Single injection of PGF - abortion in 5-7 days, fertie estrus 3-5 days later.
  2. Manually disrupt pregnancy - 3-4 weeks for abortion to occur
56
Q

Abortion Strategies: Cow

For days 150-240 of gestation:
1. Strategy must….

A

remove ovarian AND placental P4 sources

57
Q

Abortion Strategies: Cow

For days 150-240 of gestation

  1. Strategy?
  2. Efficacy of this strategy?
  3. Abortion how soon after?
A
  1. Combo of corticosteroids and PGF =
    * *25 mg dex and 25 mg Lutalyse**
  2. 95%
  3. 5 days
58
Q
  1. Abortion after 120 days leads to _____ in 80% of cows treated.
  2. Clinical significance?
A
  1. retained fetal membranes.

2. usually lost within 7 days, usually not a problem

59
Q

4% of heifers that have induced abortions will develop ______

A

fetal mummification

60
Q

Acute toxic metritis is very (common/rare) as a side effect following abortion induction in cows

A

very rare

61
Q

Induced Parturition - Cow

Indications:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Severe udder edema
  2. Vaginal prolapse
  3. Abnormal pregnancy
62
Q

Induced Parturition - Cow

Drug strategy?

A

Give 25 mg dex & 25 mg PGF, but if its the final month of gestation one or the other on their own will usually induce parturition in 2-3 days

Therio - RUSS (23 decks)

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