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Therio - RUSS > Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology of the Mare > Flashcards

Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology of the Mare Flashcards

1
Q

Most sensitive organ to hormonal stimulation in mares?

A

Cervix.

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2
Q

Cervix:

  1. Average length in mares?
  2. Closed and dry under the effect of what hormone?
  3. low, relaxed, and moist under the effect of what hormone?
A
  1. 10-15 cm
  2. progesterone
  3. estrogen.
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3
Q

T/F: The cervix is ALWAYS dilatable in mare due to absence of fibrous rings

A

T

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4
Q

Uterus Anatomy:

  1. Shape?
  2. Difference in ovary location compared to bovine?
A
  1. Y or T shaped.

2. More lateral than cow

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5
Q

Location and position of repro system in mares cna be affected by:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. distension/movement of intestines
  2. distension/movement of bladder
  3. pregnancy
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6
Q
  1. Describe how the repro tract is attached to the abdominal wall?
  2. What side effect does this have on palpation?
A
  1. two broad ligaments

2. may make ovaries difficult to locate

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7
Q

T/F:

Extensive mesometrium means there is a wide variation in ovarian position

A

F, extensive mesoVARIUM

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8
Q
  1. Uterus has how __-___ folds.
  2. Folds run from ___ to the ___
  3. Purpose of the folds?
A
  1. 12-14
  2. tip of the horns to the cervix
  3. aid in fluid evacuation
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9
Q

Functions of oviduct in mare:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Sperm storage
  2. Fertilization site
  3. Embryo transport
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10
Q
  1. Fertilized ova descends from the oviduct into the uterus how many days after fertilization?
  2. UTJ opens in response to what?
A
  1. 5.5 days after

2. PGE = SUPER IMPORTANT = PROSTAGLANDIN E

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11
Q

Ovaries:

  1. Location is variable, but usually close to ___
  2. Site of ovulation?
A
  1. 3rd/4th lumbar vertebrae

2. Ovulation fossa

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12
Q

Ovaries:

  1. Mature follicle is how large?
  2. What determines the severity of follicular oblongation?
A
  1. 40+ mm

2. the further the distance from the ovulation fossa

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13
Q

Mare udder anatomy:

  1. Teat distribution?
  2. gland distribution
A
  1. two halves with a teat each

2. each half has two glands with one orifice each

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14
Q

Broad pathologic causes of anestrous:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Infectious
  2. Lactational
  3. Senile
  4. Ovarian (endocrine)
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15
Q

How is anestrus related to melatonin?

A

short days stimulate the pineal gland to release melatonin that inhibits GnRH production.

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16
Q

Transitional Phase:

  1. What do the follicle looks like?
  2. What does the uterus look like?
  3. Clinical Signs?
  4. Ends when?
A
  1. multiple variable size follicles, 20+ mm
  2. Has tone and evidence of uterine edema
  3. displays signs of estrus for variable lengths of time
  4. Ends with the first ovulation of the year
17
Q

Methods to reduce the length of the transitional period:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Progesterone - 150 mgs IM side for 10 days
  2. Progestagens (altrenogest)
  3. Dopamine antagonists to reduce dopamine levels in CSF
  4. Domperidone
  5. Sulpiride
18
Q

3 Methods of estrous detection:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Teasing
  2. Rectal Palpation / Vaginoscopy
  3. U/S
19
Q

If you’re using Teasing for estrus detection, what signs would you expect if the mare was:

  1. Not in heat?
  2. In heat?
A
  1. Aggressive kicking

2. Receptive winks, urinates

20
Q

What signs would indicate estrus during rectal palpation / vaginoscopy:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Hyperemic moist elongated vulva
  2. Soft cervix
  3. Turgid uterus
  4. Presence of a follicle
21
Q

What would you see on U/S to diagnose estrus?

1.
2.

A
  1. Hyperplasia/edema of uterine folds

2. Large dominant follicle

22
Q

At any stage during diestrus an ovary may contain _____ follicles of ____ - ____ size at different stages of growth and regression

A

antral

<2 to >35 mm

23
Q
  1. Major primary follicle wave starts with what hormone?

2. Finishes with what process?

A
  1. Uterine PGF

2. Ovulation

24
Q

Three goals during breeding season:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Estrus induction
  2. Ovulation induction
  3. Prolong the luteal phase
25
Q

Natural processes that induce ovulation

1.
2.

A
  1. Follicle size > 35 mm

2. Uterine edema (estrogen exposure and LH receptors)

26
Q

Ovulation Induction Hormones:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. hCG
  2. Deslorelin injectable (sucromate)
  3. Deslorelin pellet
  4. Recombinant LH (rLH)
27
Q

Advantages of Deslorelin over hCG?

1.
2.

A
  1. Highly effective

2. Wider window for treatment

28
Q

U/S signs of ovulation:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Decreased turgidity
  2. Loss of spherical shape
  3. Apical area
  4. Echoic spots in antrum
  5. Serration of granulosa
29
Q

Two types of follicle evacuation with description:

1.
2.

A
  1. Abrupt - 85% FF evacuates in < 1 min

2. Gradual - 85% FF evacuated in 4-5 minutes

30
Q

T/F: The U/S appearance of the CL is a good indicator of it’s functionality, but not it’s age

A

F, it’s not a good indicator ofeither

31
Q

4 Ways to determine you are looking at the CL on an U/S:

  1. 2.
    3.
    4.
A
  1. Diameter
  2. Volume or area of the CL
  3. Luteal tissue echogenicity
  4. Doppler would indicate vascularization
32
Q

Possible causes of failure to respond to ovulatory inducing agents:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Immature follicles = not enough LH receptors
  2. Mares are not in estrus even though a large follicle is present
  3. Anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles (AHF)
33
Q

Clinical signs that would indicate a HAF (hemorrhagic antral follicle)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
  1. Fails to ovulate in response to ovulatory inducing agents
  2. Increases in size beyond normal
  3. Numerous free-floating echoic specks in the antrum
  4. Single fibrin tags floating in FF
  5. Organized fibrin in antrum
  6. Interfere with cyclicity
34
Q

Luteolysis for estrus induction: Drug options:

1.
2.

  1. Success confirmed via
A
  1. PF2a (lutalyse)
  2. Cloprostenol (estrumate)
  3. Progesterone levels drop to basal < 1 ng/ml in 24 hours
35
Q
  1. CL must be how old to be fully responsive to prostaglandin?
  2. What can happen if you give luteolytic drugs daily for 3 days?
A
  1. 5 days

2. Anti-luteogenic effect

36
Q

Why is it recommended to examine mares at the time of treatment with luteolytic drugs?

A

To better predict the PGF response and because failure of this can result in undetected ovulations to further delaying the breeding

37
Q

Common WRONG ways to use prostaglandins:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Ovulation induction
  2. Uterine evacuation post-ovulation
  3. Induction of Parturition

Therio - RUSS (23 decks)

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