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Therio - RUSS > Foaling, Induction, and Postpartum Disorders > Flashcards

Foaling, Induction, and Postpartum Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Four broad aspects of preparing the late term mare for foaling:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Vax at 10 months gestation for antibodies in colostrum
  2. Deworm
  3. Slow gain of nutrition
  4. Exercise
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2
Q

Normal gestational length?

T/F: A normal fetus can be delivered 400+ days?

A
  1. 320-365 days

2. T

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3
Q

Foaling area:

  1. Move mare here when?
  2. Why?
A
  1. 4-6 weeks before delivery

2. Allows adjustment to environment and management

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4
Q

Preparing the mare for Foaling Are:

  1. Do what to the mare itself?
A
  1. Open Caslick 1 wk prior, Clean perineum and udder.
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5
Q

Describe what the foaling area should look like

A

Clean quiet, free of obstacles. At least 16’ x 16’. Small grassy paddock that’s well bedded (straw)

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6
Q

Signs mare is nearing delivery:

  1. Gestation length?
  2. Enlarged ____
  3. Decrease of ____
  4. Relaxation of ____
  5. “_____”
  6. Relaxation of area around _____
  7. ______
A
  1. Gestation length > 320 days
  2. Enlarged abdomen
  3. Normal activity
  4. Abdominal muscles “dropped abdomen
  5. “Hollows”
  6. area around tail head and vulva
  7. Ventral edema
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7
Q

Signs of impending parturition:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Udder enlargement (2-4 wks prior)
  2. Clear water secretions (4-5 days)
  3. Thick waxy exudate on teats (1-2 days)
  4. Thick, sticky, clear or yellowish fluid (24-48 hrs = colostrum)
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8
Q
  1. pH (decreases/increases) near foaling?

2. The negative predictive value of an individual mare not foaling within 24 hours if the pH is _____ is 99.4%

A
  1. decreases

2. >6.4

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9
Q

Pathway of fetal maturation for delivery:

  1. —>
    2.
    –>
    3.
    —>
    4.
    5.
    6.
A
  1. Fetal HPA (ACTH) = fetal gonads increase pregenolone
  2. Increase in progestagens and decrease estrogen 20-30 days prior to foaling
  3. Increased cortisol decreases progestagens and increases estrogen

Leads to:

  1. Rapid fetal maturation
  2. Utero-placental prostaglandin
  3. Prostaglandin / Oxytocin (Ferguson’s reflex)
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10
Q

First stage of labor:

  1. duration? the ____ relaxes
  2. (small/large) uterine contractions?
  3. Mare behavior?
A
  1. 12-48 hours. Cervix
  2. small
  3. Restless
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11
Q

Second Stage of Labor:

  1. (small/large) uterine contractions?
  2. Mare behavior?
  3. Fetus enters ____
  4. ______ ruptures
A
  1. large and intense
  2. sweating
  3. birth canal
  4. Chorio-allantoic membrane = water breaks
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12
Q

Second Stage of Labor:

  1. ___ contractions.
  2. ___ appears at vulva.
  3. Duration?
A
  1. Abdominal
  2. Amnion (white membrane)
  3. Very quick, 30-60 min
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13
Q

During Foaling:

  1. Ensure amnion is ____
  2. Clear foal’s ____ if needed
  3. Otherwise…
A
  1. torn away from foals nose
  2. airways
  3. let mare and foal rest undisturbed
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14
Q

Dealing with the foal after umbilicus is severed:

2.

A
  1. Disinfect the navel with Chlorhex 2%, or Dilute iodine (povidone or Lugol’s)
  2. Feed colostrum via tube, and enema of 150-200mLs. Test level of IgG in colostrum.
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15
Q

Gestational abnormalities that can cause induction of parturition:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Rupture of prepubic tendon
  2. Hydrallantois
  3. Abdominal muscle tears or hernias
  4. Chronic debilitating pain
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16
Q

Requirements for induction:

1.
2.
3.
4.
.
6
A
  1. Mare appears ready > 330 days
  2. 315 days when mare is deteriorating
  3. Cervix is open at least 3 fingers
  4. Colostrum or milk in udder (high calcium)
  5. Compromised mare > 315 days
17
Q

Prostaglandin for induction of parturition:

  1. Result?
  2. (is/is not) recommended
A
  1. Causes explosive birth with torn cervix with broken ribs and ruptured bladder in foal
  2. Not recommended
18
Q

Drug options for induction of parturition:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Prostaglandin - not recommended
  2. Oxytocin - method of choice in normal mares
  3. Steroids (Dexmethasone) recommended for compromised mares
19
Q

Third Stage of labor:

  1. Definition?
  2. Should occur within how long?
  3. Mare appearance?
A
  1. Expulsion of the placenta or fetal membranes
  2. 3 hours
  3. Appear to be very colicky
20
Q

Third Stage of Labor:

  1. What should YOU do?
A
  1. Make a knot with the placenta above above the hocks so that the mare does not step on it and the weight of the placenta helps in its delivery
21
Q

Expulsion of the Placenta of Fetal Membranes:

  1. Cessation of blood flow through the placenta and uterine contractions lead to _______ and corresponding _____
  2. Therefore any process that causes ___ of the endometrium or reduces _____ will adversely affect membrane passage
A
  1. collapse of the fetal vessels

decrease in size of the chorionic microvilli

  1. Inflam

reduces uterine contractility

22
Q

Placenta:

  1. # of layers?
  2. (endothelial/epitheliochorial)?
  3. (diffuse/zonary)?
  4. micro-_____
A
  1. 6
  2. Epitheliochorial
  3. Diffuse
  4. Micro-cotyledonary
23
Q

Placenta:

  1. Placental weight __-__% of foals weight
A
  1. 10-12
24
Q

Post-Partum problems in systemically ill mare:

1. ***
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
  1. Septic Metritis
  2. Hemorrhage from uterine or ovarian vessels
  3. GI problems
  4. Uterine laceration
  5. Uterine horn intususception
  6. Uterine prolapse
25
Q

Post-Partum problems in a “healthy” mare:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Hypogalactia/agalacita
  2. Urovagina/urometra
  3. Retained fetal membranes
26
Q

Clinical Presentation of Retained Fetal Membranes:

  1. ___ leads to ___
  2. ___ leads to _–

3.

A
  1. Endometritis –> septic metritis
  2. Endotoxemia –> laminitis
  3. Rotation of coffin bone (founder)
27
Q

It is a common belief that RFM after how long are an emergency?

A

After 3 hours

28
Q

Treatment of RFM:

Drugs:
1.
2.

Procedures:
1.
2.

A
  1. Oxytocin IU or CRI
  2. IV Calcium Borogluconate
  3. Burns technique
  4. Manual removal
29
Q
  1. The Burns technique treats what condition?

2. Describe it

A
  1. RFM

2. Infusion of a large volume of fluid in the unruptured chorio-allantoic space to stimulate endogenous oxytocin release

30
Q

Mares have their first post partum heat starting around day __ and ovulate when?

A
  1. day 6. Ovulate day 10
31
Q

Post-partum breeding:

  1. If mare is normal at day __ and ovulated, than give admin ___ at day __
  2. If not ovulated and looks normal?
A
  1. 10, admin PGF at day 10

2. consider breeding depending on time of the year

32
Q

Do not post-partum breed if…

A

there have been foaling complications

Therio - RUSS (23 decks)

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