Canine Pregnancy

Question 1

Gravidity =

Answer 1

the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a uterus

Question 2

Pre-Breeding Veterinary Care:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Answer 2

1. Brucellosis screen
2. Core Vaccines
3. Anthelmintics (hookworms/roundworms)
4. Flea control
5. Heatworm preventative
6. OFA (hip dysplasia)
7. CERF - canine eye registration foundation

Question 3

4 main methods of pregnancy diagnosis:

Answer 3

1. Abdominal palpation
2. U/S
3. Radiographs
4. Relaxin assay

Question 4

Pregnancy Diagnosis:

Abdominal Palpation:

1. Best for what days of gestation?
2. Will feel like…

Answer 4

1. 21-28 days

2. String of pearls

Question 5

Pregnancy Dx:
Radiography:

1. Safe after how many days?
2. Best to perform when? Why?

Answer 5

1. 42 days

2. last week, due to calcification

Question 6

Ultrasound as pregnancy diagnosis method:

1. Benefit?
2. Limitation?

Answer 6

1. Confirms fetal viability

2. Inaccurate on count

Question 7

Relaxin:

1. comes from…
2. Measurable in serum after how many days of gestation?

Answer 7

1. placenta

2. 21-28 days

Question 8

Abdominal Palpation technique:

1. Locations to palpate specifically:

Answer 8

1. flank and lower abdomen

Question 9

Good Pregnancy Management Techniques:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Answer 9

1. Regular exercise = fewer dystocia
2. Weight control = fewer dystocia
3. Nutrition - increase 50% in last trimester
4. Multiple small meals
5. Fish oil
6. Avoid all other supplements

Question 10

Ways to predict whelping:

1.
2.

Answer 10

1. Body Temp drops 24 hours prior d/t drop in progesterone

2. Whelpwise = Tocodynometry and/or fetal heart rate monitoring

Question 11

Whelpwise:

1. Start monitoring how soon before due date? Why?
2. Detects what stage of labor?
3. Allows monitoring of….

Answer 11

1. 1-2 weeks before, to establish baseline
2. Stage I labor
3. fetal distress

Question 12

Progesterone and Whelping Date:

Progesterone levels at:

1. 36 hrs prior to whelping?
2. 18 hours prior?
3. 9 hours prior?

Answer 12

1. 10 ng/mL
2. 4 ng/mL
3. 2 ng/mL

Question 13

Features of a good whelping/queening area:

1.
2.
3

Answer 13

1. Out of traffic patterns
2. “Pig rails”
3. Washable bedding

Question 14

Vaginal Discharges during Pregnancy and their significance:

Occasional mucus?

Answer 14

normal

Question 15

Vaginal Discharges during Pregnancy and their significance:

Hemorrhagic?

Answer 15

Normal, may be a sign of impending abortion. Eval cytology and perform vaginoscopy

Question 16

Vaginal Discharges during Pregnancy and their significance:

Purulent

Answer 16

Pyometra or dead fetus

Question 17

T/F: Routine antibiotic administration is recommended for queens during pregnancy

Answer 17

F, only if necessary

Question 18

Antibiotics you can use in a pregnant bitch:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 18

1. Clavamox
2. Cephalosporins
3. Quinolones
4. Ampicillin

Question 19

Best way to confirm fetal wastage?

Answer 19

U/S

Question 20

Causes of Fetal Wastage:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Answer 20

1. Trauma
2. Heat stress
3. Luteal insuff.
4. Infectious (virus/bact/protozoa)
5. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Question 21

Fetal Wastage: treatment?

Answer 21

Evacuate uterine contents if all puppies/kittens dead

Question 22

Primary uterine intertia dx method?

Answer 22

P4 < 2 ng/mL with no labor

Question 23

Uterine Torsion:

1. (common/rare)?
2. Clinical Presentation?

Answer 23

1. Uncommon

2. Acute abdomen pain and distress, but may be asymptomatic until dystocia

Question 24

Diagnosis of Uterine Torsion method?

Answer 24

Exploratory laparotomy

Question 25

Initiation of Parturition: 1. Progesterone levels? 2 Body temp? 3. Milk evident in glands how many days prior? 4. Nesting behavior how long prior?

Answer 25

1. fall rapidly, < 2 ng/mL 2. Transient drop 3. 1-7 days prior 4. 12-24 hours prior

Question 26

First stage of parturition: 1. Begins after.... 2. Increase in ___ receptor sites

Answer 26

1. Progesterone drop = removal of block from uterus = myometrial activity begins. 2. oxytocin

Question 27

First stage of parturition: ``` CxS: 1. 2. 3. 4. ```

Answer 27

1. Nesting 2. Anxiety 3. Anorexia 4. Vomiting

Question 28

Second Stage of Parturition: 1. ___ reflex =

Answer 28

1. Ferguson reflex = oxytocin release and abdominal contractions.

Question 29

Second stage of parturition: ____ appears first.

Answer 29

Amnion

Question 30

T/F: Breech presentations are a medical emergency.

Answer 30

False, they're normal

Question 31

Second stage of parturition: Greenish-black discharge = _____. What is its clinical significance?

Answer 31

Uteroverdin. Indicates placental margin hematoma.

Question 32

T/F" | The majority of cases have fetus delivery from alternating uterine horns

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Second stage of parturition: Intervention criteria: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 33

1. Active contractions > 1 hour 2. Rest period > 4 hours 3. Black thick discharge without fetus

Question 34

Fetal Presentation/Position/Posture: 1. 60% born in _________ 2. 40% in _______

Answer 34

1. cranial longitudinal presentation with front limbs extended 2. Caudal longitudinal presentation with hind limbs extended.

Question 35

Fetal factors that affect Fetal Disposition (the three P's) ``` 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ```

Answer 35

1. Fetal monsters 2. Anasarca 3. multiple limbs 4. Single pip 5. Hydrocephalus 6. Schistosomus

Question 36

Main maternal factors that can cause dystocia: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 36

1. Primary uterine inertia 2. Secondary uterine ineterita 3. breed-related 4. Conformation related

Question 37

Describe primary uterine intertia:

Answer 37

incompletely dilate cervix with no signs of second stage labor. can be caused by hypocalcemia

Question 38

Describe secondary uterine inertia

Answer 38

Where pup obstructs and uterus gets tired

Question 39

Intervention for Dystocia: 1. ____ should be considered early. 2. If no obstruction is present, consider ___ or ____

Answer 39

1. C-section | 2. Oxytocin or Ca++

Question 40

Methods to determine fetal viability during dystocia: 1. 2.

Answer 40

1. U/S | 2. Rads

Question 41

Guide for Dystocia Intervention: 1. If no intrapelvic onstruction? 2. If pup within 30 min? 3. If no pup?

Answer 41

1. 1-2 IU of oxytocin 2. Oxytocin q30 min until all pups delivered 3. CA++ and than oxytocin. if still no pup 30 minutes later, C-Section

Question 42

T/F: Retention of placenta is rare

Answer 42

T

Question 43

Placenta type?

Answer 43

Zonary, endotheliochorial placenta

Question 44

How many C-sections can a bitch have in her lifetime?

Answer 44

3-4

Question 45

Factors that influence whether a bitch can have repeated C-section: ``` 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ```

Answer 45

1. How the hysterotomy incision healed 2. Presence of adhesions 3. Presence of serosal inclusion cysts 4. Problems under anesthesia 5. Concerns with body wall healing 6. Bitches age/parity/health

Question 46

Postpartrum Period - Normal involution: Color change?

Answer 46

red to brown

Question 47

Postpartrum Period - Normal involution: Consistency change?

Answer 47

Watery to mucoid

Question 48

T/F Brownish mucoid lochia can be normal for 4-6 weeks postpartum

Answer 48

T

Question 49

Management of Dam: Monitor ____ and ___ daily

Answer 49

mammary glands and vulvar discharges

Question 50

Management of Dam: Food and water access? during weaning?

Answer 50

unlimited reduce food

Question 51

Sart weaning process at how old? complete by how old?

Answer 51

start at 3-4 weeks, complete by 5-8 weeks

Question 52

Care of Newborns: Thermoregulation type for first 2-3 weeks?

Answer 52

Poikilothermic - assume ambient temp

Question 53

Care of Newborns: Blood gas?

Answer 53

Respiratory and metabolic acidosis

Question 54

Monitoring Neonates: Daily weight gain should be...

Answer 54

10% of birth weight gain daily