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Therio - RUSS > Mare BSE and Infertility > Flashcards

Mare BSE and Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

5 Broad main aspects to mare BSE:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. History
  2. Visual inspection
  3. Visual inspection of perineal area
  4. General PE
  5. Repro examination
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2
Q

Order of procedures performed after perineal evaluation:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Clean rectum of feces
  2. Palpation of repro tract
  3. Complete U/S of repro tract.
  4. Tail wrap / wash pernieum.
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3
Q

Order of procedures performed after repro palpation and u/s:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Vaginoscopy
  2. Manual vaginal/cervical exam
  3. Uterine culture / cytology
  4. Uterine biopsy
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4
Q

Vulvar conformation

  1. Perform ___-test
  2. Ideal conformation?
A
  1. air

2. 1/3 above and 2/3 below pelvic bone

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5
Q

Caslick index is used to measure:

A

vulvar conformation

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6
Q

Purposes of Vaginoscopy:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Observe position of cervix in the vagina
  2. Detect presence and nature of discharge
  3. Detect vaginal lacerations
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7
Q

T/F The most reliable way to examine patency of cervix is by digital examination during anestrus

A

F, during diestrus

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8
Q

T/F: Both rectal examination and U/S evaluation are NOT reliable ways of determining cervical patency

A

T

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9
Q

Cervix:

Formed by:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Abundant collagenous tissue
  2. Smooth muscle fibers
  3. a few tubular glands
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10
Q

What animals will experience a natural loss of cervic functional integrity?

A

Maiden mares 8-10 years old that have never delivered a foal

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11
Q

Three most common cervix pathologies:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Fails to relax and open during estrus
  2. Fails to close during diestrus
  3. Adhesions
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12
Q

The best way to determine cervical pathology is by:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. U/S
  2. Vaginoscopy
  3. Digital exam in diestrus
  4. Endoscopic evaluation
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13
Q

Uterine Culture is a routine diagnostic technique used for:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Mares pre-breeding
  2. Screening mares pre-breeding
  3. Post-treatment
  4. Mares with poor repro histories
  5. Mares with signs of endometritis
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14
Q

Uterine swab:

  1. ______ or _____ guarded
  2. Technique?
A
  1. Single or double guarded

2. Move and roll in uterus for 30 seconds to maximize contact

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15
Q

Brush cytology:

  1. Used with ______
  2. benefit of the design of the brush?
A
  1. regular culture swabs

2. System allows outer sheath to remain in mare while swab is taken out and brush is then inserted

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16
Q
  1. You (do/do not) want to stain slides immediately?

2. Make how many slides?

A
  1. do

2. 2, one for diff-quik, one for special staining

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17
Q

The most endometritis causing bacteria in mares are:

1.
2.

A
  1. Strep zooepidemicus

2. E. Coli

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18
Q

Indications to perform uterine biopsy:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Repeated embryonic death
  2. Repeated abortions
  3. Fail to respond to treatment
  4. Unable to diagnose uterine pathology with routine endometrial swabs
  5. Prognosis of how difficult it will be to get her pregnant or to maintain the pregnancy
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19
Q

T/F: Uterine biopsy is a non-painful procedure

A

T

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20
Q

Two main things we are looking for in uterine biopsy?

A

Type of cells present, and glandular density

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21
Q

Grad I Uterine Biopsy is (normal/abnormal)?

A

normal

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22
Q

Grade I uterine biopsy: expected foaling rate?

A

80-90%

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23
Q

Grade IIA Uterine biopsy:

  1. Appearance?
  2. Expected foaling rate?
A
  1. mixed cellularity and fibrosis

2. 50-80%

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24
Q

Grade IIB Uterine Biopsy:

  1. Appearance?
  2. Expected foaling rate?
A
  1. isolate of glands in fibrous tissue. Moderate change

2. 10-50%

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25
Q

Grade III Uterine biopsy:

  1. Expected foaling rate?
A
  1. Severe change = < 10%
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26
Q

T/F: A mare with a Grade III uterine biopsy will never be able to give birth

A

F

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27
Q

Endoscopic examination is used to diagnose:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
  1. Intraluminal adhesions
  2. Foreign bodies
  3. Status of endometrial folds
  4. Intraluminal cysts
  5. Tumors
  6. Purulent plaques
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28
Q

When to suspect oviductal blockage?

A

When everything appears normal but mare is unable to get pregnant or produce embryo

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29
Q

Ways to diagnose oviductal patency:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Presence of embryo
  2. Starch granule test
  3. Fluorescent labeled beads
  4. Oviductal lavage with new methylene blue
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30
Q

Infertility: Categories of Problem Mares:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Failure to cycle or ovulate normally
  2. Failure to conceive
  3. Early embryonic loss
  4. Pregnancy loss
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31
Q

Reasons a mare would fail to ovulate?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Winter anestrous
  2. Transitional mare having an irregular estrus period
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Endocrine (ovarian)
  5. Uterine pathology
32
Q

Behavioral causes of non-cylic mare:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Shy mares may be in novel environment
  2. Mare may be too familiar with or aversion to a particular stallion
  3. Maiden mares, mares with foal at foot or never bred by natural cover may not show estrus even though cycling normaly
  4. Iatrogenic - under anabolic or progesterone/progestins therapy
33
Q

Ways to determine if mare is cycling:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Palpation U/S every 3-35 days
  2. Progesterone assay on weekly basis
  3. Treatment with Prostaglandin
34
Q

Prolonged Diestrus/pseudopregnancy:

Potential etiologies:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. CL lifespan prolonged beyond 15 days
  2. Diestrul ovulations - mature CL at PGF2a release
  3. Early embryonic death after maternal recognition of pregnancy 15 or 35 days
  4. Failure of PGF2a release due to uterine abnormality - pyometra
35
Q

Ovarian-related Etiologies for Failure to cycle:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Reproductive senescence - old mares
  2. Nutrition induced (low BCS = negative energy balance
  3. Anterior pituitary dysfunction
  4. Adrenal problem
36
Q

Gonadal Dysgenesis:

  1. Small ovaries and infantile tract is most commonly caused by what genotype?
  2. These animals will be phenotypically (male/female)?
  3. Describe this animals ovaries?
  4. Describe this animals uterus and cervix?
A
  1. 63XO genotype.
  2. female
  3. very small, firm, smooth
  4. thin and flaccid
37
Q

(male/female) pseudohermaphrodites are more common?

A

Male

38
Q

Tumors that could cause failure to cycle:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Teratome
  2. Dysgerminoma
  3. Cystadenoma
  4. Granulosa (thecal) cell tumor
39
Q

Differentials for large ovarian syndrome that are NOT tumors:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Ovarian hematoma
  2. Ovaries with accessory CL’s - pregnancy
  3. Transitional ovaries
  4. Hemorrhagic Anovulatory Folllicles
40
Q

Most common equine repro tumor?

A

Granulosa - Thecal Cell Tumor (GTCT)

41
Q

GTC tumor:

Clinical presentation

  1. ___ abnormalities
  2. Ovary?
A
  1. Behavioral abnormalities (aggressive, nymphomania, stallion-like, anestrus)
  2. Enlarged ovary with loss of ovulation fossa, contralateral ovary may be small
42
Q

GTCT:

  1. Tx?
  2. Prognosis?
A
  1. Remove ovary.

2. Return to cyclicity 6-8 months post sx

43
Q

Endometritis accounts for about ___% of cases of infertility in mares?

A

60%

44
Q

Barriers to infection that endometritis overcomes?

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Vulva
  2. Vestibulo-vaginal fold
  3. Cervix
45
Q

Types of Endometritis:

1. 
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Breeding induced
  2. Persistent breeding induced
  3. Acute bacterial
  4. Chronic Bacterial
  5. Chronic Degenerative = ENDOMETROSIS
46
Q

Persistent Breeding Induced Endometritis:

  1. Describe how it occurs?
A
  1. Mares unable to evacuate residual fluid via uterine contractions due to poor contractility or poorly relaxed cervix.
47
Q

Persistent Breeding Induced Endometritis:

  1. Common in what animals?
  2. Root of the problem?
A
  1. old maiden mares > 8 years

2. Cervix

48
Q

Ways to diganose endometritis:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
  1. Palpation and U/S
  2. Uterine fluid
  3. Uterine inflam
  4. Culture/cytology
  5. Biopsy
  6. Endoscopy
49
Q

Possible effects of uterine pathology on ovarian function:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Anestrus
  2. Short luteal phases
  3. Prolonged luteal phases
50
Q

T/F: Not all uterine problems affect cyclicity

A

T

51
Q

Presence of ___ in uterus is always a red flag

A

fluid

52
Q

Uterus U/S Examination:

  1. Testing regimen?
  2. If fluid present, should be gone in how long?
A
  1. 12-24 hour intervals

2. 24 hr

53
Q

Muco-Ciliary Defense:

Three aspects of the mechanism:

1.
2.
3.

  1. All three aspects are disrupted by _____
A
  1. Mucous continuum
  2. Adequate elasticity
  3. Adequate viscosity
  4. Mucus hydration
54
Q

Alternative diagnostic methods for diagnosis of uterine infection:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Uterine biopsy
  2. Low volume lavage
  3. Endoscopic eval (hysteroscopy)
55
Q

When should we culture a uterine biopsy sample?

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. MARES WITH A PREVIOUS NEGATIVE CULTURE
  2. Mares that continue to accumulate fluid
  3. Mares that ovulate with hyper-edema
  4. Mares that show premature presence of uterine edema
56
Q

Low volume uterine flush for diagnosis:

  1. Infuse _____ mLs of or ___ in the uterus
A
  1. 100-150 mls of saline
57
Q

Broad therapy goals for Persistent mating induced endometritis:

1.
2.

A
  1. Reduce the degree of inflam

2. Reduce the time the fluid is accumulated

58
Q

Ways to reduce the degree of inflam in PMIE:

1.
2.

A
  1. Reduce sperm numbers

2. Steroids (dexmethasone)

59
Q

Ways to reduce the time the fluid is accumulated in PMIE:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Uterine lavage via ECBOLIC AGENTS
  2. Oxytocin
  3. Prostaglandin analogues (cloprostenol)
  4. Carbetocin
60
Q

How do you give antibiotics in the uterus?

A

intrauterine infusion in 20-60mLs of water, NaCl, or LRS for 3-5 days

61
Q

Clinical Signs of Chronic bacterial or fungal endometritis:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Poor perineal conformation
  2. Cervical incompetence
  3. Poor uterine contractility
62
Q

Therapy options to get rid of biofilms:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5
.
A
  1. Acetylcisteine
  2. DMSO
  3. Buffered chelating agents Tris EDTA/Tricide
  4. Gentocin
  5. Kerosene
63
Q

2 Broad categories of causes for EED:

1.
2.

A
  1. Embryonic abnormality (chromosomal aberrations)

2. Deficient maternal environment

64
Q

3 ways a deficient maternal environment can cause EED:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Insufficient maternal P4
  2. Inadequate endometrium
  3. Endometritis
65
Q

Signs of EED:

1.
2.
3.
4
.
A
  1. Small size for gestational age
  2. Irregular vesicle prior to day 20
  3. Absence of a heart beat at day 28-30
  4. Free fluid or disseminated edema in a pregnant mare
66
Q

Causes for insufficient progesterone (P4) in a mare:

1.
2.

A
  1. Failed MRP d/t cysts impeding migration.

2. PGF2a via severe stress or disease

67
Q

Abortion in a mare defined as loss of fetus after what age?

A

45 days before birth (?)

68
Q

Non-infectious causes of abortions:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Placental insufficiency
  2. Twisted umbilical cord
  3. Trauma
  4. Poor nutrition
69
Q

Causes of Placental Insufficiency:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Twinning
  2. Uterine body pregnancy
  3. Endometrial atrophy / fibrosis
70
Q

Three routes of bacterial infection in mare repro tract:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Transcervical
  2. Hematogenous
  3. Previous intrauterine infection?
71
Q

Bacterial Causes of abortion:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. E. Coli
  2. Strep
  3. Actinomycetes
  4. Lepto
72
Q

Lesions in EHV infection?

A

Fetal lesions including hydrothorax, pulmonary edema, hepatic necrotic foci

73
Q

Characteristic cytology of EHV?

A

Intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion body and chromatin margination

74
Q

Coital Exanthema

  1. caused by what virus
  2. Transmitted by?
A
  1. EHV-III

2. Stallion

75
Q

Clinical Signs of Equine Viral Arteritis:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Fever/depression
  2. Rhinitis/conjunctivitis
  3. Ventral edema
76
Q

What is the only true venereal sexually transmissible disease in horses?

A

Contagious Equine Metritis

Therio - RUSS (23 decks)

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