Pig Repro 1 Flashcards
Breed complementation - definition?
using breeds or lines to take max. advantage of their genetic type.
Heterosis aka ___. Definition?
hybrid vigor. Tendency for crossbred progeny to perform differently than avg of their parents
Guidelines for selecting replacements:
2.
3.
4.
- structural soundness
- External Genitalia
- Internal genitalia
- Mammary system
Structural soundness involves examination of what?
general structural soundess including signs of injuries, hoof cracks, sole bruises, foot rot, etc
Guidelines for Selecting Replacements:
External Genitalia - examine what?
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Infantalism - small repro tract
- Dorsally tipped vulva - difficulty with mating
- Male psuedohermaphroditism - “fishhook” or “sky-tipped” vulva
- mammary gland abnormalities
Guidelines for Selecting Replacements:
Internal Genitalia: Look for what abrnormalities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Hydrosalpinx or Pyosalpinx = obstruction of oviducts
- Segmental aplasia - complete or partial infertility
- Blind or missing cervix
- Oviductal Adhesions
Guidelines for Selecting Replacements:
Mammary System: Look for…
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- Six functional teats on each side
- Three cranial to umbilicus
- blind teats (not fully developed), pin nipples, or inverted nipples
- Sows at least 10 functional teats
- Abscesses, injuries
Factors affecting puberty:
- 2.
3.
- Age
- Weight
- Breed
Factors affecting puberty:
- Age range?
- Weight Range?
- Breeds that have unique factors?
- 5-8 months
- 200-250 lbs
- Meishan, Landrace, Crossbred, Duroc
Factors affecting puberty: Breed related differences:
- Meishan -
- Landrace -
- Crossbred -
- Duroc -
- Reaches puberty as early as 67 d
- 173 d of age
- reach puberty earlier than purbred
- latest to reach puberty (224 days)
Goals to Managing the Gilt Pool:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Keep a large enough gilt pool to meet weekly breeding targets
- Daily boar exposure will stimulate puberty
- Gilt in heat - use sterile boar 1st heat and fertile boar 2nd heat.
- Aim for large litter size and good nursing ability in gilts
Factors that would hasten onset of puberty:
1.
2.
3.
- movement/mixing of females
- length of day - long
- boar effect
Factors that would delay onset of puberty
1.
2.
- confinement housing
2. season (photoperiod not temp.)
Owner management techniques to hasten onset of puberty:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- crossbreeding - crossbred females reach puberty earlier
- Lighting - long day length reduces age at puberty BUT is detrimental to cycling females
- mixing of gilts and sows
- boar effect
What is the most common method used to hasten puberty onset?
Boar effect
Boar effect:
- (single/continuous) exposure to the boar?
- Best to use a (young/old) boar?
- begin at what age?
- (direct/indirect) contact?
- continuous
- old smelly boar
- 160-170 days of age
- direct
Estrous Cycle type?
non-seasonal polyestrous
Estrous Cycle:
- Length?
- Main difference in cycle from cattle?
- 21 days
2. no series of follicular waves as seen in cattle
Estrus:
- Gilts in estrus for how long?
- Sows in estrus for how long?
- 36-48 hours
2. 48-72 hours
Ovulation occurs ___ of the way through estrus:
A) 1/4
B) 1/2
C) 3/4
C
Ovulation in sows occurs how long after LH peak?
24 hours
Estrus:
- Multiple follicles will rupture over how long?
1-4 hours
Estrus:
Ovulation rate is (smallest/largest) over the first 3 parities?
Largest
Estrus:
Largest litter size in ___ to ___- litters
4th to 6th
Signs of Estrus:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
- Vulva swelling and redness
- Vaginal discharge
- Restlessness and vocalization
- Actively seeking boar
- “Pricking” of ears
- Lordosis response “back pressure test”
Estrus Detection:
- Ideally should be taken how many times a day?
- ______ to prevent familiarization
- Prevent dilution of hormones via ___
- Use a “_____” or “____”
- twice
- change boars
- avoiding ventilation
- stink stick
or
Boar mate
Induction and Synchronization of Estrus
- ______ weaning strategies:
- all-in/all-out. 21 days with piglets, wean em, breed em.
Induction and synchronization of Estrus: Non-cycling gilts:
- Drug?
- Should be what age?
- ____ –> FSH, ___ –> LH
- PG600 (400 IU PMSG + 200 IU HCG)
- > 165 days of age
- PMSG –> FSH,
HCV –> LH
Synthetic progestogens
- Name of the drug?
- Feed at what rate?
- Females will show signs of ____ how long after withdrawal?
- Altrenogest
- 15-20 mg/hd/day for 14 day
- estrus in 4-7 days
Prostaglandins:
- Main one used?
- Limitation?
- Best performed when?
- Estrus how soon after admin?
- Lutalyse
- Cannot truly “short cycle” pigs, the CLs are not responsive until after day 12-13 days
- Best performed when females are between days 15-60 of gestation, give prior to d 45
- 4-7 days
Events associated with insemination:
- You want to deposit semen within how long of ovulation?
- Maintenance of pregnancy is dependent on ___? Clinical significance of this?
- Within 12 hours
- CL.
DO NOT INTERRUPT PROGESTERONE
Maternal recognition of pregnancy:
- Occurs on what day?
- Occurs via ____
- Requires a minimum of….
- 11-12 days
- estrogenic compounds
- 4 embryos**
Why do pregnant pigs need 4 embryos to cause maternal recognition of pregnancy?
The embryos release estrogen, which makes PGF2 go from leaving the uterus, and will now go intraluminal, and be depleted/broken down/spit out.
Factors for selection of Boars as A.I. Sires:
- 3.
4.
- Genetic merit for improvement of traits
- Soundness/conformation
- Reproductive parameters
- Disease control
Selection of Boars as A.I. Sires involve choosing on basis of genetic merit to improve various traits, including:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- Carcass yield
- Carcass quality
- Feed efficiency
- Rate of gain
- Overall productivity of the herd
Selection of Boars as A.I. Sires involve choosing on basis of soundness/conformation includes examining for:
1.
2.
- Musculoskeletal injuries
2. Inherited defects (hernias, cryptochidism, rectal prolapse)
What vein do you use for:
- IV Injection:
- Blood drawing:
- ear vein
2. jugular
Which accessory sex gland is most prominent in pigs?
bulbourethral gland
Collection of seen can be accomplished by three methods:
1.
2.
3.
- Artificial vagina
- Electro-ejaculator
- Gloved hand method
What is the preferred technique for semen collection in the boar?
gloved hand method
Semen evaluation involves:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- measuring volume
- assessing progressive sperm motility
- evaluating sperm morphology
- calculation of total sperm numbers
What are the different aspects of SPERM evaluation?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
- Color
- Opacity
- Odor
- Sperm motility
- Concentration
- Individual sperm cell morphology
____ is the most subjective measurement when evaluating sperm
Motility
What is a CASA system, and what is it used to evaluate?
Computer automated semen analysis
individual sperm cell motility assessment
Most scrutinized and most costly aspect of sperm evaluation?
Sperm concentration measurement
What is a less expensive alternative to CASA that is rapid and effective for on-farm evaluation?
Spectrophotometry
HEacytometer Methods for Sperm Conc eval:
- ___ uL of a ___ semen sample
- Diluted in 1:___ mixture
- Other substances in mixture: ____ and ___
- 20uL extended semen sample
- 1:100 mixture
- 3% acetic acid
1% ammonium oxalate
Options to examine sperm cell morphology
1.
2.
- Stained slides (eosin-nigrosin)
2. Phase contrast microscopy
Semen Diluents (extenders)
- Should remain where until needed?
- Do what with bulk packages?
1, in fridge
- break them down into smaller packers so that only the amount needed per day is prepared
Maintaining temp of semen extender
- Water baths maintain temp of extenders to reduce incidence of _____
- Temp is usually kept at ____ C
- Extenders should sit in bath for approx how long prior to use?
- cold shock
- 37 C
- 1 hr
Preperation of the extended solution:
- A dilution range of ____ to _____ of semen:extender is recommended
- Dilutent should be added to the semen with the ____ of the two being equal
- 1:4 to 1:10
2. temperature
equipment used for extending semen into doses:
- Container options: ____, _____, and ____
- tubes, cochette bags, and bottles
Preparation of Semen doses:
- Volume of the insemination dose should be between ___ and ___mLs.
- The number of normal sperm required in a dose ranges from ___ to ____
- 80 to 100mls
2. 3 bil to 5 bil sperm cells
Storage of extended sperm:
- semen should be stored at __-__ degrees celsius until use.
- Make sure it is protected from ___-
- _____ while in storage allows semen to be resuspended in the diluent
- 16-17 celsius
- UV light
- gentle rotation of semen
Artificial Insemination advantages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- allows more extensive use of older boars on lighter weight females
- decreases the number of boars and time required for breeding when estrus is synchronized
- promotes development of a closed herd
- Allows introduction of new genetic material into a herd with minimum risk of disease
Disadvantages of Artifical Insemination:
1.
2.
3.
- Higher level of management in order for it to be effective
- Risk of diseases is of greater importance
- increased margin of error
Technique for AI: Steps:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
- Move the board in front of 2-3 estrus females to be inseminated. Make sure the female is exposed before beginning.
- Clean the vulva with a clean dry paper towel
- Part the lips of the vulva with one hand and gently insert the catheter into the vagina pushing forwards and upwards for the first 6-8 inches. advancing until resistance is felt
- Begin rubbing the underline to stimulate uterine contractions
- Once the container is empty it can be removed. DONT FORCE AIR DOWN THE CATHETER
6 Gently remove by clockwise rotation of the spirette or by gently pulling on the foam tip type
- check the tip of the catheter for blood and record if found .
T/F: IF the female lays down during insemination, do your best to return her to standing position to ensure complete insemination.
F. Let her lay down. Slapping her to get her up inhibits the release of oxytocin and uterine contractions.
