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General Microbiology > Staining Techniques > Flashcards

Staining Techniques Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

staining of these is very difficult because they hardly absorb, reflect ,refract or diffract much light

A

microorganisms

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2
Q

uses one dye and can be positive or negative staining

A

simple staining

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3
Q

uses basic dyes

A

positive simple staining

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4
Q

-uses acidic dyes

A

negative staining

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5
Q

– uses two or more dyes that will distinguish bacteria from each other because their cell walls have different reactions on dyes

A

differential staining

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6
Q

technique to add stain to specimens to make it more visible under the microscope

A

staining technique

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7
Q

– are of little use unless the specimens for viewing are prepared properly

A

microscope

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8
Q

important tool that aids in the observation of microorganism

A

microscopy

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9
Q
  • is a culture-free method to identify and compare bacterial diversity from complex microbiomes or environments that are difficult to study
A

16s rRNA sequencing

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10
Q

– have the same refractive index as water

A

microorganism

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11
Q

 When observed under a microscope, they are transparent or nearly invisible to the naked eye

A

microorganism

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12
Q

 Must be fixed and stained to increase visibility, accentuate specific morphological features, and preserve for future use

A

microorganism

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13
Q

substance that adheres to a cell, giving the cell color

A

stain

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14
Q

 Presence of color gives the cells significant contrast so are much more visible

A

stain

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15
Q

 They are used to differentiate different types of organisms or to view specific parts of organisms

A

stain

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16
Q

spherical bacteria

A

cocci

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17
Q

rod shaped bacteria

A

bacilli

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18
Q

helical, twisted, spirochete shaped bacteria

A

spirilla/spirillus

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19
Q

comma shaped bacteria

A

vibrio

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20
Q

view different bacteria shapes

A

+1

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21
Q
  • Bacterial arrangement (4)
A

clusters
chains
pairs (diploids)
no special arrangement

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22
Q

view different arrangement of cocci

A

+1

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23
Q

arranged in pairs or chains

A

strep

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24
Q

clusters, pairs and occasionally in short chains.

A

staphylococci

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25
Q

involves directly staining the bacterial cell with a positively charged dye in order to see bacterial detail, in contrast to negative staining where the bacteria remain unstained against a dark backround

A

simple staining

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26
Q

positive dye is used to adhere to a negatively charged plasma membrane (ex. Crystal violet, methylene blue)

A

positive staining

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27
Q

 uses basic dyes to color the specimen against a bright background

A

positive stianing

28
Q

 the type of chromophore used in this technique is a positively charged ion instead of a negative one

A

positive staining

29
Q

– utilizing negative dye (nigrosin)

A

negative staining

30
Q

 performed for the observation of intact microbial structures without disturbing its cellular morphology

A

negative staining

31
Q

 the bacteria cells are not stained, rather the glass background containing cells.

A

negative staining

32
Q

procedure where more than one dye is used to differentiate between different types of microorganisms on a slide

A

differential staining

33
Q

 Helps differentiate between cell types and cell structures

A

differential staining

34
Q

differential staining procedure used to categorize bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.

A

gram staining

35
Q
  • is a differential stain used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium. (+ is pinkish to reddish)
A

acid fast staining

36
Q

introduced differential staining called gram staining.

A

Hans Christian Gram

37
Q

– has an outer lipid membrane that does not adhere with crystal violet, most likely have a flagellar structure

A

gram negative bacteria

38
Q

– have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall, most likely to be toxin producing

A

gram positive bacteria

39
Q

– bacteria stain different colors depending on their cell wall construction

A

differential stain

40
Q

– thick peptidoglycan layer , lacks an outer lipid membrane

A

gram positiv bacteria

41
Q

– have an outer lipid membrane and a thin peptidoglycan cell wall

A

gram negative bacteria

42
Q

groups of bacteria that lack the protective cell wall peptidoglycan structure

A

mycoplasma

43
Q

do not have peptidoglycan layer

A

archaebacteria

44
Q
  • The difference in cell wall construction effects
A

 Which antibiotic will be more effective
 susceptibility to disinfectants
 toxins produced
 toll-like receptors recognition
 flagellar structure

45
Q

have linear glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides wherein the glycan strands

A

structure of peptidoglycan

46
Q

peptidoglycan are cross linked by what

A

short peptides

47
Q

glycan strands in peptidoglycan is made out of

A

 n-acetylglusoamine
 n-acetylmuramic acid

48
Q
  • gram staining procedures step 1
A

make a smear and heat fix

49
Q
  • gram staining procedures step 2
A

primary stain (crystal violet) for 1 minute then rinse

50
Q

primary stain

A

crystal violet

51
Q
  • gram staining procedures step 3
A

mordant (gram’s iodine) for 1 minute then rinse

52
Q

what is the mordant for gram staining

A

gram’s iodine

53
Q

 binds to the crystal violet making a large complex that adheres to the cell membrane

A

gram’s iodine (mordant)

54
Q
  • gram staining procedures step 4
A

add decolorant

55
Q

decolorant is what

A

95 ethanol or acetone

56
Q

 removes the crystal violet from Gram-negative cells since crystal violet did not adhere strongly to the thin peptidoglycan layer and the cells become transparent

A

decolorant

57
Q
  • gram staining procedures step 5
A

rinse with water immediately

58
Q
  • gram staining procedures step 6
A

counterstain (safranin) for 1 minute

59
Q

 as a counterstain to stain transparent cells (Gram-negative cells) pink

A

safranin

60
Q
  • gram staining procedures step 7
A

blot dry and view with microscope

61
Q

– helps in visualization of a bacterial structure. This staining is crucial as some bacterial structures play the role of endotoxin and antigenic

A

structural staining

62
Q

spores that are formed within the cells, mainly in bacteria. These spores are formed within bacteria vegetative cells or mother cells known as sporangia.

A

endospore

63
Q

nutrients that are supplied to microorganisms are in the form of

A

culture medium

64
Q

aqueous solution of nutrients that contains energy source, macroelements, trace elements, and growth factors

A

medum

65
Q

formulated so that the concentration and chemical natuer is known

A

chemically defined medium

66
Q

intended to remove forms of life

A

sterilization

General Microbiology (15 decks)

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