Staining Techniques

Question 1

staining of these is very difficult because they hardly absorb, reflect ,refract or diffract much light

Answer 1

microorganisms

Question 2

uses one dye and can be positive or negative staining

Answer 2

simple staining

Question 3

uses basic dyes

Answer 3

positive simple staining

Question 4

-uses acidic dyes

Answer 4

negative staining

Question 5

– uses two or more dyes that will distinguish bacteria from each other because their cell walls have different reactions on dyes

Answer 5

differential staining

Question 6

technique to add stain to specimens to make it more visible under the microscope

Answer 6

staining technique

Question 7

– are of little use unless the specimens for viewing are prepared properly

Answer 7

microscope

Question 8

important tool that aids in the observation of microorganism

Answer 8

microscopy

Question 9

• is a culture-free method to identify and compare bacterial diversity from complex microbiomes or environments that are difficult to study

Answer 9

16s rRNA sequencing

Question 10

– have the same refractive index as water

Answer 10

microorganism

Question 11

 When observed under a microscope, they are transparent or nearly invisible to the naked eye

Answer 11

microorganism

Question 12

 Must be fixed and stained to increase visibility, accentuate specific morphological features, and preserve for future use

Answer 12

microorganism

Question 13

substance that adheres to a cell, giving the cell color

Answer 13

stain

Question 14

 Presence of color gives the cells significant contrast so are much more visible

Answer 14

stain

Question 15

 They are used to differentiate different types of organisms or to view specific parts of organisms

Answer 15

stain

Question 16

spherical bacteria

Answer 16

cocci

Question 17

rod shaped bacteria

Answer 17

bacilli

Question 18

helical, twisted, spirochete shaped bacteria

Answer 18

spirilla/spirillus

Question 19

comma shaped bacteria

Answer 19

vibrio

Question 20

view different bacteria shapes

Answer 20

+1

Question 21

• Bacterial arrangement (4)

Answer 21

clusters
chains
pairs (diploids)
no special arrangement

Question 22

view different arrangement of cocci

Answer 22

+1

Question 23

arranged in pairs or chains

Answer 23

strep

Question 24

clusters, pairs and occasionally in short chains.

Answer 24

staphylococci

Question 25

involves directly staining the bacterial cell with a positively charged dye in order to see bacterial detail, in contrast to negative staining where the bacteria remain unstained against a dark backround

Answer 25

simple staining

Question 26

positive dye is used to adhere to a negatively charged plasma membrane (ex. Crystal violet, methylene blue)

Answer 26

positive staining

Question 27

 uses basic dyes to color the specimen against a bright background

Answer 27

positive stianing

Question 28

 the type of chromophore used in this technique is a positively charged ion instead of a negative one

Answer 28

positive staining

Question 29

– utilizing negative dye (nigrosin)

Answer 29

negative staining

Question 30

 performed for the observation of intact microbial structures without disturbing its cellular morphology

Answer 30

negative staining

Question 31

 the bacteria cells are not stained, rather the glass background containing cells.

Answer 31

negative staining

Question 32

procedure where more than one dye is used to differentiate between different types of microorganisms on a slide

Answer 32

differential staining

Question 33

 Helps differentiate between cell types and cell structures

Answer 33

differential staining

Question 34

differential staining procedure used to categorize bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.

Answer 34

gram staining

Question 35

- is a differential stain used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium. (+ is pinkish to reddish)

Answer 35

acid fast staining

Question 36

introduced differential staining called gram staining.

Answer 36

Hans Christian Gram

Question 37

– has an outer lipid membrane that does not adhere with crystal violet, most likely have a flagellar structure

Answer 37

gram negative bacteria

Question 38

– have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall, most likely to be toxin producing

Answer 38

gram positive bacteria

Question 39

– bacteria stain different colors depending on their cell wall construction

Answer 39

differential stain

Question 40

– thick peptidoglycan layer , lacks an outer lipid membrane

Answer 40

gram positiv bacteria

Question 41

– have an outer lipid membrane and a thin peptidoglycan cell wall

Answer 41

gram negative bacteria

Question 42

groups of bacteria that lack the protective cell wall peptidoglycan structure

Answer 42

mycoplasma

Question 43

do not have peptidoglycan layer

Answer 43

archaebacteria

Question 44

* The difference in cell wall construction effects

Answer 44

 Which antibiotic will be more effective  susceptibility to disinfectants  toxins produced  toll-like receptors recognition  flagellar structure

Question 45

have linear glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides wherein the glycan strands

Answer 45

structure of peptidoglycan

Question 46

peptidoglycan are cross linked by what

Answer 46

short peptides

Question 47

glycan strands in peptidoglycan is made out of

Answer 47

 n-acetylglusoamine  n-acetylmuramic acid

Question 48

* gram staining procedures step 1

Answer 48

make a smear and heat fix

Question 49

* gram staining procedures step 2

Answer 49

primary stain (crystal violet) for 1 minute then rinse

Question 50

primary stain

Answer 50

crystal violet

Question 51

* gram staining procedures step 3

Answer 51

mordant (gram's iodine) for 1 minute then rinse

Question 52

what is the mordant for gram staining

Answer 52

gram's iodine

Question 53

 binds to the crystal violet making a large complex that adheres to the cell membrane

Answer 53

gram's iodine (mordant)

Question 54

* gram staining procedures step 4

Answer 54

add decolorant

Question 55

decolorant is what

Answer 55

95 ethanol or acetone

Question 56

 removes the crystal violet from Gram-negative cells since crystal violet did not adhere strongly to the thin peptidoglycan layer and the cells become transparent

Answer 56

decolorant

Question 57

* gram staining procedures step 5

Answer 57

rinse with water immediately

Question 58

* gram staining procedures step 6

Answer 58

counterstain (safranin) for 1 minute

Question 59

 as a counterstain to stain transparent cells (Gram-negative cells) pink

Answer 59

safranin

Question 60

* gram staining procedures step 7

Answer 60

blot dry and view with microscope

Question 61

– helps in visualization of a bacterial structure. This staining is crucial as some bacterial structures play the role of endotoxin and antigenic

Answer 61

structural staining

Question 62

spores that are formed within the cells, mainly in bacteria. These spores are formed within bacteria vegetative cells or mother cells known as sporangia.

Answer 62

endospore

Question 63

nutrients that are supplied to microorganisms are in the form of

Answer 63

culture medium

Question 64

aqueous solution of nutrients that contains energy source, macroelements, trace elements, and growth factors

Answer 64

medum

Question 65

formulated so that the concentration and chemical natuer is known

Answer 65

chemically defined medium

Question 66

intended to remove forms of life

Answer 66

sterilization