Intro to Microbiology Flashcards
is the first Filipina Molecular
Microbiologist to pioneer the
application of biotechnology in
the Philippines.
Asuncion K Raymundo
Dr. Raymundo
found a way to discriminate
local prevalent pathogen strains
like what strains (2)
Ralstonia solanacearum
Xanthomonas oryzae
found a way to discriminate
local prevalent pathogen strains
like Ralstonia solanacearum and
Xanthomonas oryzae to allow
selection of the appropriate
variety resistant to this strain for
planting.
Asuncion K Raymundo
Father of Philippine Microbiology
Prof. William Fernandez
he was instrumental in the
development of microbiology in
the Philippines by training the
respected leaders and pillars of
today’s Philippine microbiology.
Prof. William Fernandez
is recognized for her
research in food microbiology.
Dr. Ida Fandialan Dalmacio
Her work contributes
towards solving the contamination problem of
aflatoxins in feed and food industries
Dr. Ida Fandialan Dalmacio
Her other
work on the use of natural fermentation and the
techniques developed through this research help
solve nutrition problems.
Dr. Ida Fandialan Dalmacio
Noted food scientist and UP Diliman (UPD) College of Home Economics (CHE)
Dr. Alonzo Gabriel
A UP Scientist III and a full professor at the CHE Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DFSN), he generously shared his innovations and researches in food science and technology with micro and small-scale enterprises.
Dr. Alonzo A. Gabriel
His study helped in implementing the Food Safety Act of 2013
Dr. Alonzo Gabriel
Her research interests are in the area of medical microbiology, notably on the virulence and transferable multiple drug resistance of healthcare-acquired and community-acquired bacterial pathogens
Dr. Esperanza Cabrera
Lately, she has also been working on the beneficial aspect of microbes, involving studies on the bioactivities of probiotics, including their antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity to cancer cells
Dr. Esperanza Cabrera
She is a Diplomate of the Philippine Academy of Microbiology and is currently the Country Ambassador to the Philippines of the American Society for Microbiology.
Dr. Esperanza Cabrera
was the former Director
of NIMBB UPD (2003-2012) and is the Head of the
Molecular Microbiology Laboratory of the institute.
Dr. Cynthia Hedreyda
In addition to teaching and
research mentoring in Molecular Microbiology, Dr.
___ is actively involved in nationwide projects to
promote and enhance Biotechnology Education in the
Philippines .
Dr. Cynthia Hedreyda
She has Chaired a project aimed at
instituting a General Education course in
Biotechnology in colleges and universities and has
spearheaded the annual conduct of NBECT, National
Biotechnology Education Conference for Teachers
and the National Biotechnology Quiz Contest for high
School.
Dr. Cynthia Hedreyda
served as MNH’s adjunct
curator for food microbes and extremophiles.
___ is a retired professor of the Food Science
Cluster, College of Agriculture and earned her
Ph.D. in Applied Microbiology from Tokyo
University of Agriculture; her MS Plant Pathology
in 1965; and BS Agriculture in 1957 from UPLB.
Dr. Priscila Sanchez
has pioneered and has continued
conducting relevant researches about
fermentation and its uses in the country. She has
authored numerous technical publications,
textbooks, conference proceedings, handbooks,
manuals and modules
Dr. Priscila Sanchez
Dr. Priscila Sachez’s 516-page book that was conferred
the 2010 Outstanding Book Award by the National
Academy of Science and Technology Philippines
(NAST) last July 15, 2010 at the Manila Hotel.
Philippine Fermented
Foods: Principles and Technology”
label the rhizopus stolonifer
+1
is an essential organism
(microflora) in the gut of animals
E.coli
helps with the absorption of
Vitamin K and other important vitamins
for the human body in the colon.
E coli
A strain causes foodborne diseases
E. coli
The single cell algae that is a flagellate
Karenia brevis
which is a
dinoflagellate, turns water
red or pink,
Karenia brevis
monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered protists
dinoflagellate
its outbreaks are called Red Tide
dinoflagellate
structure for SARS-coV-2
+1
This bacteria inhabits
sebaceous follicles and is
usually a harmless
commensal bacterium
inhabiting human skin but
is known to cause the
formation of acne vulgaris
(pimples).
Propionibacterium acnes bacteria
which are
methanogenic microbes
from the domain Archaea,
have so far “only” been
industrially applied as
efficient biogas
methanogens
Commercially significant in
the food and beverage
industries because of its role
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
part of a bacteriophage
+1
are definitely not
the almost indestructible
organism,” says Ricardo
Neves. (
Tardigrades
Spores and bacteria of
___ ___ with a typical
drum-stick shape isolated from
the crust of the dehorning
wounds in case 1 (gram-staining-
1000x).
Clostridium tetani
the scientific study of microorganisms
(living things that are too small to be seen
with the naked eye).
microbiology
“… concerned primarily with the agents of
infectious disease, the immune response, the
search for chemotherapeutic agents and
bacterial metabolism”
microbiology
“Today …a large discipline…has impact on
medicine, agricultural and food sciences,
ecology, genetics, biochemistry, and many
other fields. … has both basic and applied
aspects.”
microbiology
compounds that act as a
substrate on which beneficial microbes can grow
prebiotics
the beneficial microbes themselves
probiotics
microbe-rich feces from healthy donors
fecal transplants
with the highest proportion
of ___ organisms at two months were more likely at
six months to exhibit a trait the researchers called “positive
emotionality.”
Bifidobacterium
are organisms too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eyes
microorganisms
very
small life forms so small that individual microorganisms cannot be seen without magnification
microorganisms
microorganisms include (5)
fungi
bacteria
algae
virus
microorganisms that can be visible without magnification
eukaryotic
is the fundamental unit of life
cell
Among the first to observe this previously unseen and invisible microbial world were
Robert Hooke
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
an English mathematician and natural historian coined the term “cells” to describe the “little
boxes” he observed in examining cork slices with a compound microscope.
Robert Hooke
the first to make a known description of microorganisms and recorded in his book
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke’s book that has the description of microorganisms
Micrographia
a draper and an amateur microscope builder
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
he learned lens grinding as a hobby and made over 100 simple microscopes each capable
of magnifying an image about 300 times
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
the first person to publish extensive and accurate observations of microorganisms
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
known as the father of bacteriology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Greek philosopher that was one of the earliest recorded scholars to
articulate the theory of spontaneous generation, the notion that life can arise from nonliving
matter.
Aristotle
proposed that life arose from nonliving material if the material
contained pneuma (“vital heat”).
Aristotle
vital heat
pneuma
Italian physician performed an experiment in 1668 that was one
of the first to refute the idea that maggots (the larvae of flies) spontaneously generate on meat
left out in the open air
Francesco Redi
published a report of his own experiments, in which he
briefly boiled broth infused with plant or animal matter, hoping to kill all preexisting microbes. He
John Needham
He then sealed the flasks. After a few days, Needham observed that the broth had become cloudy
and a single drop contained numerous microscopic creatures. He argued that the new microbes
must have arisen spontaneously
John Needham
did not agree with Needham’s conclusions, however, and
performed hundreds of carefully executed experiments using heated broth
Lazzaro Spallanzani
argued that life originates from a “life force” that was
destroyed during Spallanzani’s extended boiling.
John Needham
To settle the debate of spontaneous generation, the ____ offered a prize for resolution of the problem
Paris Academy of Sciences
a prominent French
chemist who had been studying microbial fermentation and the causes of wine spoilage,
accepted the challenge of the Paris Academy of Sciences
Louis Pasteur
filtered air through a gun-cotton filter and, upon
microscopic examination of the cotton, found it full of microorganisms, suggesting that the
exposure of a broth to air was not introducing a “life force” to the broth but rather airborne
microorganisms.
Louis Pasteur
Pasteur’s set of experiments irrefutably disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and
earned him the prestigious prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences
Alhumbert Prize
In a
subsequent lecture in 1864, Pasteur articulated what words
omne vivm ex vivo
omne vivum ex vivo means
life only comes from life
is credited with several key discoveries. His most widely known
scientific contribution is his cell theory
Rudolf Virchow
He was one
of the first to accept the work of Robert Remak
Rudolf Virchow
who showed that the origin of cells was the
division of pre-existing cells
Robert Remak
Virchow’s cellular theory was encapsulated in the epigram
omnis cellula e cellula (all cells (come) cells)
era that began with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch who had their own research institute. More important there was an acceptance of their work by the scientific community throughout the world and a willingness to continue and expand the work.
During this period, we see the real beginning of microbiology as a discipline of biology.
Golden Age of Microbiology
in 1858, he finally resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation versus biogenesis
and proved that microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter
but arise from other microorganisms
He also found that fermentation of fruits and grains,
resulting in alcohol, was brought about by microbes and also determined that bacteria
were responsible for the spoilage of wine during fermentation
Louis Pasteur
in 1862, he suggested that mild heating at 62.8°C (145°F) for 30 minutes rather than
boiling was enough to destroy the undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of the
product
Louis Pasteur
mild heating at 62.8°C (145°F) for 30 minutes rather than
boiling was enough to destroy the undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of the
product, the process was called
Pasteurization
his led to the development of the germ theory of disease.
Pasteurization
Father of Modern Microbiology / Father of Bacteriology.
Louis Pasteur
developed a system of antiseptic surgery designed to
prevent microorganisms from entering wounds by the application of phenol on surgical
dressings and at times it was sprayed over the surgical areas
Lord Joseph Lister
is known as the Father of Antiseptic surgery
Lord Joseph Lister
worked on finding the causes of some very nasty animal diseases (first anthrax (1876), and then tuberculosis (1882))
Robert Koch
He gave the first direct demonstration of
the role of bacteria in causing disease.
Robert Koch
were published
in 1884 and are the corner stone of the germ theory of diseases and are still in use today
to prove the etiology (specific cause) of an infectious disease
Koch postulate
specific cause of infectious disease
etiology
Koch’s four postulates are:
- The organism causing the disease can be found in sick individuals but not in healthy
ones. - The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture.
- The organism must cause the disease when it is introduced into a healthy animal.
- The organism must be recovered from the infected animal and shown to be the
same as the organism that was introduced.
The combined efforts of many scientists and most importantly Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
established the
Germ theory of disease
idea that invisible microorganisms are the cause
of disease is called
germ theory
It emerged not only from his experiments disproving spontaneous generation but
also from his search for the infectious organism (typhoid) that caused the deaths of three of his
daughters.
germ theory
made the final blow to spontaneous generation. He conducted
experiments in an aseptically designed box to prove that dust indeed carried the germs.
He demonstrated that if no dust was present, sterile broth remained free of microbial
growth for indefinite period even if it was directly exposed to air
John Tyndall
highly
resistant bacterial structure, later known as
endospore
Prolonged
boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the infusion
completely sterilized, a process known as
Tyndallization
one of Koch’s assistant first proposed the use of
agar in culture media.
Fanne Eilshemius Hesse
was superior to gelatin because of its higher melting (i.e. 96°C)
and solidifying (i.e. 40-45°C) points than gelatin and was not attacked by most bacteria
Agar
discovered that some blood leukocytes, white blood cells
(WBC) protect against disease by engulfing disease-causing bacteria
Elie Metchnikoff
white blood cells
(WBC) protect against disease by engulfing disease-causing bacteria
phagocytes
process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles
phagocytosis
Koch’s another assistant developed the Petri dish (plate), a
container used for solid culture media
Richard Petri
Thus contribution of what 3 people made possible the isolation of pure cultures of microorganisms and
directly stimulated progress in all areas of microbiology
Robert Koch
Fannie Hesse
Richard Petri
discovered bacterial sulfide oxidation for which he first became renowned,
including the first known form of lithotrophy
Winogradsky
His work on nitrogen cycling includes
chemosynthesis and the Winogradsky column.
Winogradsky
discovered tetanus (lock jaw) antitoxin
Emile Roux
Alexandre Yersin
Only about a week after the announcement of the discovery of tetanus antitoxin, he reported on immunization against diphtheria by diphtheria antitoxin
Von Behring
The
discovery of ____-___relationship was very important to the development of science
of immunology.
toxin
antitoxin
made the first evidence of the filterability of a pathogenic agent, the
virus of tobacco mosaic disease.
Dmitri Ivanowski
His work had launched the emergence of virology.
Dmitri Ivanowski
demonstrated that tobacco mosaic virus is caused by an infectious agent
smaller than a bacterium.
Beijenrick
found that the dye Trypan Red was active against the
trypanosome that causes African sleeping sickness and could be used therapeutically.
Paul Ehrlich
Trypan red dye with antimicrobial activity was referred to as a
magic bullet
Ehrlich in collaboration with ____ ____, a japanese physician, introduced the drug
Salvarsan
Sakahiro Hata
drug as a treatment for syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum
Salvarsan (arsenobenzol)
experimented with numerous synthetic dyes and reported that
Prontosil, a red dye used for staining leather, was active against pathogenic, Streptococci
and Staphylococci in mice even though it had no effect against that same infectious agent
in a test tube.
Gerhard Domagk
red dye used for staining leather, was active against pathogenic, Streptococci
and Staphylococci in mice even though it had no effect against that same infectious agent
in a test tube.
Protonsil
discovered a ‘wonder drug’ called penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming
A dramatic turn in microbiology research was signaled by the death of
Robert Koch
The Pasteur Institute was closed, and the German laboratories
converted for production of blood components used to treat war infections. Thus, came to an
end what many have called the
Golden Age of Microbiology
developed the first prototype electron microscope capable of fourhundred-
power magnification.
Max Knoll
Ernst Ruska
proposed the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis
Beadle and Tatum
This is the idea that
genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a
single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway
one gene-one enzyme hypothesis
demonstrate that in bacteria, genetic mutation arises in the absence
of selection, rather than being a response to selection.
Luria and Delbruck
discovered another antibiotic, streptomycin produced by two strains of
actinomycete, Streptomyces griseus
Waksman
streptomycin is produced by two strains of actinomycete,
Streptomyces griseus
