Intro to Microbiology Flashcards
is the first Filipina Molecular
Microbiologist to pioneer the
application of biotechnology in
the Philippines.
Asuncion K Raymundo
Dr. Raymundo
found a way to discriminate
local prevalent pathogen strains
like what strains (2)
Ralstonia solanacearum
Xanthomonas oryzae
found a way to discriminate
local prevalent pathogen strains
like Ralstonia solanacearum and
Xanthomonas oryzae to allow
selection of the appropriate
variety resistant to this strain for
planting.
Asuncion K Raymundo
Father of Philippine Microbiology
Prof. William Fernandez
he was instrumental in the
development of microbiology in
the Philippines by training the
respected leaders and pillars of
today’s Philippine microbiology.
Prof. William Fernandez
is recognized for her
research in food microbiology.
Dr. Ida Fandialan Dalmacio
Her work contributes
towards solving the contamination problem of
aflatoxins in feed and food industries
Dr. Ida Fandialan Dalmacio
Her other
work on the use of natural fermentation and the
techniques developed through this research help
solve nutrition problems.
Dr. Ida Fandialan Dalmacio
Noted food scientist and UP Diliman (UPD) College of Home Economics (CHE)
Dr. Alonzo Gabriel
A UP Scientist III and a full professor at the CHE Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DFSN), he generously shared his innovations and researches in food science and technology with micro and small-scale enterprises.
Dr. Alonzo A. Gabriel
His study helped in implementing the Food Safety Act of 2013
Dr. Alonzo Gabriel
Her research interests are in the area of medical microbiology, notably on the virulence and transferable multiple drug resistance of healthcare-acquired and community-acquired bacterial pathogens
Dr. Esperanza Cabrera
Lately, she has also been working on the beneficial aspect of microbes, involving studies on the bioactivities of probiotics, including their antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity to cancer cells
Dr. Esperanza Cabrera
She is a Diplomate of the Philippine Academy of Microbiology and is currently the Country Ambassador to the Philippines of the American Society for Microbiology.
Dr. Esperanza Cabrera
was the former Director
of NIMBB UPD (2003-2012) and is the Head of the
Molecular Microbiology Laboratory of the institute.
Dr. Cynthia Hedreyda
In addition to teaching and
research mentoring in Molecular Microbiology, Dr.
___ is actively involved in nationwide projects to
promote and enhance Biotechnology Education in the
Philippines .
Dr. Cynthia Hedreyda
She has Chaired a project aimed at
instituting a General Education course in
Biotechnology in colleges and universities and has
spearheaded the annual conduct of NBECT, National
Biotechnology Education Conference for Teachers
and the National Biotechnology Quiz Contest for high
School.
Dr. Cynthia Hedreyda
served as MNH’s adjunct
curator for food microbes and extremophiles.
___ is a retired professor of the Food Science
Cluster, College of Agriculture and earned her
Ph.D. in Applied Microbiology from Tokyo
University of Agriculture; her MS Plant Pathology
in 1965; and BS Agriculture in 1957 from UPLB.
Dr. Priscila Sanchez
has pioneered and has continued
conducting relevant researches about
fermentation and its uses in the country. She has
authored numerous technical publications,
textbooks, conference proceedings, handbooks,
manuals and modules
Dr. Priscila Sanchez
Dr. Priscila Sachez’s 516-page book that was conferred
the 2010 Outstanding Book Award by the National
Academy of Science and Technology Philippines
(NAST) last July 15, 2010 at the Manila Hotel.
Philippine Fermented
Foods: Principles and Technology”
label the rhizopus stolonifer
+1
is an essential organism
(microflora) in the gut of animals
E.coli
helps with the absorption of
Vitamin K and other important vitamins
for the human body in the colon.
E coli
A strain causes foodborne diseases
E. coli
The single cell algae that is a flagellate
Karenia brevis
which is a
dinoflagellate, turns water
red or pink,
Karenia brevis
monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered protists
dinoflagellate
its outbreaks are called Red Tide
dinoflagellate
structure for SARS-coV-2
+1
This bacteria inhabits
sebaceous follicles and is
usually a harmless
commensal bacterium
inhabiting human skin but
is known to cause the
formation of acne vulgaris
(pimples).
Propionibacterium acnes bacteria
which are
methanogenic microbes
from the domain Archaea,
have so far “only” been
industrially applied as
efficient biogas
methanogens
Commercially significant in
the food and beverage
industries because of its role
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
part of a bacteriophage
+1
are definitely not
the almost indestructible
organism,” says Ricardo
Neves. (
Tardigrades
Spores and bacteria of
___ ___ with a typical
drum-stick shape isolated from
the crust of the dehorning
wounds in case 1 (gram-staining-
1000x).
Clostridium tetani
the scientific study of microorganisms
(living things that are too small to be seen
with the naked eye).
microbiology
“… concerned primarily with the agents of
infectious disease, the immune response, the
search for chemotherapeutic agents and
bacterial metabolism”
microbiology
“Today …a large discipline…has impact on
medicine, agricultural and food sciences,
ecology, genetics, biochemistry, and many
other fields. … has both basic and applied
aspects.”
microbiology
compounds that act as a
substrate on which beneficial microbes can grow
prebiotics
the beneficial microbes themselves
probiotics
microbe-rich feces from healthy donors
fecal transplants
with the highest proportion
of ___ organisms at two months were more likely at
six months to exhibit a trait the researchers called “positive
emotionality.”
Bifidobacterium
are organisms too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eyes
microorganisms
very
small life forms so small that individual microorganisms cannot be seen without magnification
microorganisms
microorganisms include (5)
fungi
bacteria
algae
virus
microorganisms that can be visible without magnification
eukaryotic
is the fundamental unit of life
cell
Among the first to observe this previously unseen and invisible microbial world were
Robert Hooke
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
an English mathematician and natural historian coined the term “cells” to describe the “little
boxes” he observed in examining cork slices with a compound microscope.
Robert Hooke
the first to make a known description of microorganisms and recorded in his book
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke’s book that has the description of microorganisms
Micrographia
a draper and an amateur microscope builder
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
he learned lens grinding as a hobby and made over 100 simple microscopes each capable
of magnifying an image about 300 times
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
the first person to publish extensive and accurate observations of microorganisms
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
known as the father of bacteriology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Greek philosopher that was one of the earliest recorded scholars to
articulate the theory of spontaneous generation, the notion that life can arise from nonliving
matter.
Aristotle
proposed that life arose from nonliving material if the material
contained pneuma (“vital heat”).
Aristotle
vital heat
pneuma
Italian physician performed an experiment in 1668 that was one
of the first to refute the idea that maggots (the larvae of flies) spontaneously generate on meat
left out in the open air
Francesco Redi
published a report of his own experiments, in which he
briefly boiled broth infused with plant or animal matter, hoping to kill all preexisting microbes. He
John Needham
He then sealed the flasks. After a few days, Needham observed that the broth had become cloudy
and a single drop contained numerous microscopic creatures. He argued that the new microbes
must have arisen spontaneously
John Needham
did not agree with Needham’s conclusions, however, and
performed hundreds of carefully executed experiments using heated broth
Lazzaro Spallanzani
argued that life originates from a “life force” that was
destroyed during Spallanzani’s extended boiling.
John Needham
To settle the debate of spontaneous generation, the ____ offered a prize for resolution of the problem
Paris Academy of Sciences
a prominent French
chemist who had been studying microbial fermentation and the causes of wine spoilage,
accepted the challenge of the Paris Academy of Sciences
Louis Pasteur
filtered air through a gun-cotton filter and, upon
microscopic examination of the cotton, found it full of microorganisms, suggesting that the
exposure of a broth to air was not introducing a “life force” to the broth but rather airborne
microorganisms.
Louis Pasteur
Pasteur’s set of experiments irrefutably disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and
earned him the prestigious prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences
Alhumbert Prize
In a
subsequent lecture in 1864, Pasteur articulated what words
omne vivm ex vivo
omne vivum ex vivo means
life only comes from life
is credited with several key discoveries. His most widely known
scientific contribution is his cell theory
Rudolf Virchow
He was one
of the first to accept the work of Robert Remak
Rudolf Virchow
who showed that the origin of cells was the
division of pre-existing cells
Robert Remak
Virchow’s cellular theory was encapsulated in the epigram
omnis cellula e cellula (all cells (come) cells)
era that began with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch who had their own research institute. More important there was an acceptance of their work by the scientific community throughout the world and a willingness to continue and expand the work.
During this period, we see the real beginning of microbiology as a discipline of biology.
Golden Age of Microbiology
in 1858, he finally resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation versus biogenesis
and proved that microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter
but arise from other microorganisms
He also found that fermentation of fruits and grains,
resulting in alcohol, was brought about by microbes and also determined that bacteria
were responsible for the spoilage of wine during fermentation
Louis Pasteur
in 1862, he suggested that mild heating at 62.8°C (145°F) for 30 minutes rather than
boiling was enough to destroy the undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of the
product
Louis Pasteur
mild heating at 62.8°C (145°F) for 30 minutes rather than
boiling was enough to destroy the undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of the
product, the process was called
Pasteurization
his led to the development of the germ theory of disease.
Pasteurization
Father of Modern Microbiology / Father of Bacteriology.
Louis Pasteur
developed a system of antiseptic surgery designed to
prevent microorganisms from entering wounds by the application of phenol on surgical
dressings and at times it was sprayed over the surgical areas
Lord Joseph Lister
is known as the Father of Antiseptic surgery
Lord Joseph Lister
worked on finding the causes of some very nasty animal diseases (first anthrax (1876), and then tuberculosis (1882))
Robert Koch
He gave the first direct demonstration of
the role of bacteria in causing disease.
Robert Koch
were published
in 1884 and are the corner stone of the germ theory of diseases and are still in use today
to prove the etiology (specific cause) of an infectious disease
Koch postulate
specific cause of infectious disease
etiology
Koch’s four postulates are:
- The organism causing the disease can be found in sick individuals but not in healthy
ones. - The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture.
- The organism must cause the disease when it is introduced into a healthy animal.
- The organism must be recovered from the infected animal and shown to be the
same as the organism that was introduced.
The combined efforts of many scientists and most importantly Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
established the
Germ theory of disease
idea that invisible microorganisms are the cause
of disease is called
germ theory
It emerged not only from his experiments disproving spontaneous generation but
also from his search for the infectious organism (typhoid) that caused the deaths of three of his
daughters.
germ theory
made the final blow to spontaneous generation. He conducted
experiments in an aseptically designed box to prove that dust indeed carried the germs.
He demonstrated that if no dust was present, sterile broth remained free of microbial
growth for indefinite period even if it was directly exposed to air
John Tyndall
highly
resistant bacterial structure, later known as
endospore
Prolonged
boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the infusion
completely sterilized, a process known as
Tyndallization
one of Koch’s assistant first proposed the use of
agar in culture media.
Fanne Eilshemius Hesse
was superior to gelatin because of its higher melting (i.e. 96°C)
and solidifying (i.e. 40-45°C) points than gelatin and was not attacked by most bacteria
Agar
discovered that some blood leukocytes, white blood cells
(WBC) protect against disease by engulfing disease-causing bacteria
Elie Metchnikoff
white blood cells
(WBC) protect against disease by engulfing disease-causing bacteria
phagocytes
process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles
phagocytosis
Koch’s another assistant developed the Petri dish (plate), a
container used for solid culture media
Richard Petri
Thus contribution of what 3 people made possible the isolation of pure cultures of microorganisms and
directly stimulated progress in all areas of microbiology
Robert Koch
Fannie Hesse
Richard Petri
discovered bacterial sulfide oxidation for which he first became renowned,
including the first known form of lithotrophy
Winogradsky
His work on nitrogen cycling includes
chemosynthesis and the Winogradsky column.
Winogradsky
discovered tetanus (lock jaw) antitoxin
Emile Roux
Alexandre Yersin
Only about a week after the announcement of the discovery of tetanus antitoxin, he reported on immunization against diphtheria by diphtheria antitoxin
Von Behring
The
discovery of ____-___relationship was very important to the development of science
of immunology.
toxin
antitoxin
made the first evidence of the filterability of a pathogenic agent, the
virus of tobacco mosaic disease.
Dmitri Ivanowski
His work had launched the emergence of virology.
Dmitri Ivanowski
demonstrated that tobacco mosaic virus is caused by an infectious agent
smaller than a bacterium.
Beijenrick
found that the dye Trypan Red was active against the
trypanosome that causes African sleeping sickness and could be used therapeutically.
Paul Ehrlich
Trypan red dye with antimicrobial activity was referred to as a
magic bullet
Ehrlich in collaboration with ____ ____, a japanese physician, introduced the drug
Salvarsan
Sakahiro Hata
drug as a treatment for syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum
Salvarsan (arsenobenzol)
experimented with numerous synthetic dyes and reported that
Prontosil, a red dye used for staining leather, was active against pathogenic, Streptococci
and Staphylococci in mice even though it had no effect against that same infectious agent
in a test tube.
Gerhard Domagk
red dye used for staining leather, was active against pathogenic, Streptococci
and Staphylococci in mice even though it had no effect against that same infectious agent
in a test tube.
Protonsil
discovered a ‘wonder drug’ called penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming
A dramatic turn in microbiology research was signaled by the death of
Robert Koch
The Pasteur Institute was closed, and the German laboratories
converted for production of blood components used to treat war infections. Thus, came to an
end what many have called the
Golden Age of Microbiology
developed the first prototype electron microscope capable of fourhundred-
power magnification.
Max Knoll
Ernst Ruska
proposed the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis
Beadle and Tatum
This is the idea that
genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a
single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway
one gene-one enzyme hypothesis
demonstrate that in bacteria, genetic mutation arises in the absence
of selection, rather than being a response to selection.
Luria and Delbruck
discovered another antibiotic, streptomycin produced by two strains of
actinomycete, Streptomyces griseus
Waksman
streptomycin is produced by two strains of actinomycete,
Streptomyces griseus
demonstrated that DNA is the substance that causes
bacterial transformation, in an era when it had been widely believed that it was proteins
that served the function of carrying genetic information
Avery
MacLeod
McCarty
completed their DNA model, which is now accepted as the first
correct model of the double-helix
Watson and Crick
are DNA or RNA fragments which can bind to
complementary sequences in the microbial chromosome.
Hybridisation Probes
developed radioactively labelled hybridisation
probes.
Joseph Gall and Mary Lou Pardue
replaced the radioactive labels leading to the development of fluorescence in situ
hybridisation (FISH)
fluorophores
studied ribosomal genes that led to the first scientifically based tree of life.
His work paved the way for a new method of identifying microbes based on the nucleotide
sequence of the genes encoding the small 16S ribosomal RNA subunit for bacteria and
the 18S rRNA subunit for eukaryotic organisms such as fungi
Carl Woese
ribosomal RNA subunit for bacteria
16S
rRNA subunit for eukaryotic organisms such as fungi
18s
when did World Health Organization eradicates smallpox
1977
stated that HIV as causative agent of AIDS
Luc Motaigner
Robert Gallo
developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that enables a target stretch of
DNA to be copied thousands or millions of times
Kary Mullis
discovered Helicobacter pylori
Marshall
First complete genetic sequence of a bacterium is published in
1995
One indication of the importance of Microbiology in the 20th century is the
Nobel Prize
view nobel prize awarded for research in microbiology
+1
study to combat plant diseases that attack important food crops,
work on methods to increase soil fertility and crop yields etc. Currently there is a great interest
in using bacterial or viral insect pathogens as substitute for chemical pesticides
agricultural microbiology
study of biogeochemical cycles and bioremediation to reduce pollution
effects
microbial ecology
study to prevent microbial spoilage of food and transmission
of food borne diseases such as botulism and salmonellosis. Use microorganisms to make foods
such as cheese, yogurt, pickles and beers.
food and dairy microbiology
study to make products such as antibiotics, vaccines, steroids,
alcohols and other solvents, vitamins, amino acids and enzymes
industrial microbiology
study the synthesis of antibiotics and toxins, microbial energy
production, microbial nitrogen fixation, effects of chemical and physical agents on microbial
growth and survival etc.
microbial physiology
nature of genetic information and how it regulated the development and
function of cells and organisms. Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in
synthesizing useful products
microbial genetics
arisen from work of microbial genetics and molecular biology.
Engineered microorganisms are used to make hormones, antibiotics, vaccines and other
products. New genes can be inserted into plants and animals
genetic engineering
national scientists award due to research in Control of Cholera,
Typhoid, Dysentery,
Measles, Diphtheria
Hilario D.G. Lara
national scientists award due to research in Trematodes
Carmen Velasquez
national scientists award due to research in blue-green algae
Gregorie Velasquez
national scientists award due to research in Schistosome
Ernesto O. Domingo
Edito G. Garcia
national scientists award due to research in Filaria
Benjamin D. Cabrera
national scientists award due to research in Virology
Veronica F. Chan
national scientists award due to research in Nematodes
Romulo Davide
national scientists award due to research in vaccine
Manuel M. Garcia
national scientists award due to research in tubercolosis
Jaime C. Montoya
national scientists award due to research in plant pathology
Faustino Orillo
national scientists award due to research in Biotechnology
Asuncion K Reymundo
national scientists award due to research in Leprosy
Jose N Rodriguez
national scientists award due to research in streptococci
Thelma E. Tupasi
are necessary properties of living systems (3)
metabolism
growth
evolution
must
coordinate energy production and consumption with the flow of genetic information during
cellular events leading up to cell division
cells
are the major phylogenetic lineages of cells (3)
Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya
can be both beneficial and harmful to humans, although many more
microorganisms are beneficial or even essential than are harmful
Microorganisms
was the first to describe microorganisms
Robert Hooke
was the first to describe bacteria
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
is best remembered for his ingenious experiments showing that living
organisms do not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter. He developed many
concepts and techniques central to the science of microbiology, including sterilization
Louis Pasteur
developed a set of criteria anchored in experimentation—Koch’s
postulates—for the study of infectious diseases and developed the first methods for
growth of pure cultures of microorganisms
Robert Koch
studied bacteria that inhabit soil and water.
Beijerinck and Winogradsky
In the middle to latter part of the twentieth century, basic and applied subdisciplines of microbiology emerged; these have led to the current era of
molecular microbiology
organism that is found in the urinary tract of females
Escherichia coli
mussels, oysters, fishes eat this dinoflagellate that causes numbness of mouth and tongue
Karenia brevis
found in the skin, under the nose, and can cause boils when it enters the break in the skin
Staphylococcus aureus
virus that only affects bacteria, they are known parasites of bacteria
bacteriophage
resistance to this are minimal since they also evolve with the host (bacteria)
bacteriophage
state of tardigrades in which their body dries out and their metabolism drops to as little as 0.01 percent of its normal rat
tun
is a state of extreme inactivity in response to adverse environmental conditions
cryptobiosis
meaning life without water—the animal can survive just about anything.
anhydrobiosis
any sharp objects that breaks the skin can cause tetanus, which is from a bacteria called
Clostridium tetani
caesarian babies get their first bacteria from
breastfeeding
first bacteria that is introduced to the baby is through the what
vagina
babies that have this bacteria have good emotionality
Bifidobacterium
with the highest proportion
of Bifidobacterium organisms at two months were more likely at
six months to exhibit a trait the researchers called
positive emotionality
it is said that exercise is affliated with greater/lesser microbial density
greater
diverse __ seem to do a better job
fighting off illness and staving off chronic disease
,
microbiomes
is an important component of whether or not our bodies even respond to exercise
microbiota
Intense exercise is associated with microbial production of
short chain fatty acids and bacterial diversity
what bacteria is present in probiotics
Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain
microorganism in the gut of cows help digest what
cellulose
process that enables cows to get nutrition (fatty acid), and produce waste products (Co2 +CH4)
microbial fermentation
major greenhouse gas that cows produce
methane
bacteria that fixes nitrogen (e.g. Diazotrophs, Azotobacter, Cyanobacteria)
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
bacteria that convert ammonia (NH3) to nitrites (NO2-)
Nitrosomonas
Bacteria that convert nitrites (NO2-) to nitrates (NO3-)
Nitrobacter
Convert nitrates (NO3-) back to nitrogen gas (N2), including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paracoccus
denitrifying bacteria
use of living organisms to transform, destroy or immobilize contaminants
bioremediation
detoxifies parent compounds and converts to products that are no longer hazardous to human health and environment
bioremediation
microorganisms can also be the source of what
antibiotic
fungi source of Penicillin
Penicillium notatum
fungi source of Griseofulvin
Penicillium griseofulvum
can cause intoxications (but very rare)
algae
causes anthrax, botulism, chlolera, diarrhea, diphtheria, ear and eye infections
Bacteria
causes allergies, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, intoxications
fungi
causes african sleeping sickness, amebic dysentery, babesiosis
protozoa
causes AIDS, bird flu, common cold, dengue
viruses
pandemic that occurred during 1918-1920 causing 100 million deaths
Spanish Flu (H1N1)
pandemic that happened during 1957-1958 that caused 1-4 Million deaths
Asian Flu
pandemic that happened during 1968-1969 that caused 1 million deaths
Hong Kong Flu
pandemic that happened during 2009-2010 that caused 151,700-575,400 deaths
swine flue
pandemic that happened during 2020-2022 that caused 6.0M deaths
COVID-19
is a
measurement of how
much a vaccine lowers
the risk of an outcome
efficacy
vaccine protective effiacy formula
VE = 1 - ARV/ARU
18 covid-19 cases in vaccinated group
63 covid-19 cases in placebo
compute vaccine efficacy
71.4%
discovered microorganism (fungi)
Robert Hooke
discovery of bacteria
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
discovery of vaccine for smallpox
Edward Jenner
contribution in mechanism of fermentation, defeat of spontaneous generation, rabies and other vaccines, principles of immunization
Louis Pasteur
contriubtion in methods for preventing infections during surgeries
Joseph Lister
discovered endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
contributions include
Koch’s postulates, pure culture microbiology,
discovery of agents of tuberculosis and cholera
Robert Koch
contributions in chemolitotrophy and chemoautotrophy, nitrogen fixation, sulfur bacteria
Sergei Wingradsky
contributions include enrichment culture technique, discover of many metabolic groups of bacteria, concept of virus
Martinus Beijerinck
The history of biology largely
rests on the book
Micrographia
coined the term ““animalcules”
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
Sparked by the discovery of ”animalcules’ by
Leeuwenhoek
abiogenesis
A long-held theory that life could arise
spontaneously from non-living or decaying
organic matter
spotaneous generation/abiogenesis
strong opponent of Abiogenesis, conducted experiments to see if maggots appear in jars that are sealed, unsealed, and covered with netting
Francesco Redi
according to him “abiogenesis occurred due to the random “clumping of
organic molecules”
John Needham
Claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting
living cells – Biogenesis.
Rudolf Virchow
Used sealed and swan-necked flasks to trap air
contaminants while not sealing flasks completely.
Showed the now called ”aseptic technique”.
Louis Pasteur
microorganisms in the air entered in Needham’s
experiment.
who stated this
Lazaro Spallanzani
according to him
“cells arise from pre-existing living cell”
Rudolf Virchow
discovery that advanced the
sciences in this era:
Fermentation and
pasteurization
Germ theory of disease
Culture media
Causative agents of diseases
How vaccines work
Gram staining
Chemotherapy
Golden Age of Microbiology
convert the sugars to alcohol
in the absence of air,
yeast
process where microorganisms called yeasts
convert the sugars to alcohol
in the absence of air that is used to make wine and beer
fermentation
microorganisms called yeasts
convert the sugars to alcohol
in the absence of air, -
fermentation used to make
wine and beer – by whom?
Louis Pasteur
Wine souring is spoilage
(alcohol turn to ___)
vinegar
heat the beer and wine to kill
most of the bacteria that
caused the spoilage
what process
pasteurization
§ Importance of discovery of fermentation and pasteurization (2)
aerobes and anaerobes
links disease and microbes
A theory that proposes that microorganisms are the causes of many diseases.
germ theory of disease
proved silkworm disease caused by a fungus in 1835
Bassi
who found protozoan
as recent cause in 1865
Pasteur
- physicians with undisinfected hands transmits infection causing
childbirth fever
according to whom
Sammelweis
used carbolic acid (phenol) to treat surgical wounds (aseptic surgery)
Joseph Lister
what theory/postulates linking microbes and disease.
Koch’s postulates
are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease.
Koch’s Postulates
Koch’s 1st postulate
An organism can be isolated from
a host suffering from the disease
Koch’s 2nd postulate
The organism can be cultured in
the laboratory
Koch’s 3rd postulate
The organism causes the same
disease when introduced into
another host
Koch’s 4th postulate
The organism can be re-isolated
from that host
what is used to grow pure culture
potato slice
development of the
transparent double-sided
dishes that bear his name.
Richard Petri
can be stacked and
sterilized separately from the
medium
Petri dishes
retained access to air
without direct exposure to air
and could easily be manipulated
for further study.
colonies
was suggested by
Walter Hesse (originally used
by Fannie Hesse)
Agar
limits of application of koch’s postulates
Agents do not cause disease to
other non-human hosts.
Not all diseases have microbial
origins:
Genetic, Degenerative,
Congenital, nutritional def.
Some microbes are not
culturable in the lab.
Treponema / Rickettsia /
Chlamydia / viruses
§ Some pathogens cause many
different diseases in one or
many hosts.
Ethical considerations in
introducing pathogen to
healthy host
process of administering pathogens that cannot
reproduce (due to being weakened or dead) in a
healthy person or animal, the intent is to confer
immunity against a targeted disease agent (or
related).
vaccination
use of cowpox virus to
immunize against smallpox virus) – first one to contribute in vaccination
Edward Jenner
discovered how vaccines work;
developed vaccines for cholera, anthrax, rabies
Louis Pasteur
used cowpox-infected material obtained from the hand of Sarah Nemes, a milkmaid from his home village of Berkley in Gloucestershire to successfully vaccinate 8 year old James Phipps
Edward Jenner
was
searching for a
method that
would allow
visualization of
cocci in tissue
sections of lungs
of those who had
died of
pneumonia.
Hans Christian Joachim Gram
primary stain in gram fixing
crystal violet
fixes the dye (mordant) in gram staining
iodine
decolorizing agent in gram staining
alcohol/acetone
counter stain in gram staining
safranin
§ the use of substances (natural or synthetic) to treat
disease.
chemotherapy
In its non-oncological use, chmeotherapy may also refer to
antibiotics (antibacterial chemotherapy)
§ Principle: some chemicals are more toxic to
microbes than their hosts
chemotherapy
contributions of “magic bullet” for Salvarsan against spyhilis
Paul Ehrlich
first antibiotic in Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
discovered first sulfa drug ((protonsil)
Domagk
a race to the discovery of
DNA as the genetic material
what era
microbial genetics era
era where important discovereis include
§ Transformation in bacteria
§ Nucleotides make up DNA
§ DNA as the genetic material
§ DNA structure
second golden age
stepping stone for the discovery of genetic material
Griffith’s experiment
carried out by English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith in 1928, described the transformation of a non-pathogenic pneumococcal bacteria into a virulent strain. Griffith combined living non-virulent bacteria with a heat-inactivated virulent form in this experiment
Griffith’s experiment
show that DNA
is the transforming
material in cells (3)
Oswalrd Avery
Colin MacLeod
Maclyn McCarty
discover
streptomycin, soon to be
used against tuberculosis (3)
Albert Schatz
E. Bugie
Selman Waksman
ogether
develop a technique to
grow polio virus in test
tube cultures of human
tissues.1954 (3)
John Franklin Enders
Thomas Weller
Frederick Robbins
publish on conjugation in bacteria
Joshua Lederberg
Edward Tatum
suggest that only DNA is needed for viral
replication (1950s) – DNA as the genetic material rather than protein.
Alfred Hershey
Martha Chase
publish
their replica plating
method and provide firm
evidence that mutations in
bacteria yielding
resistance to antibiotics
and viruses are not
induced by the presence
of selective agents. (2)
Joshua Lederberg
Esther Lederberg
the technique by which each colony/clone is inoculated onto another plate according to a numbered scheme.
replica plating
publish a description of the
double-helix structure of DNA
(1953)
James Watson
Francis Crick
proposes the
chemiosmotic theory in which
a molecular process is coupled
to the transport of protons across
a biological membrane 1978
Peter Mitchell
explains how ATP is generated in the mitochondria.
chemiosmotic theory
propose the operon concept
for control of bacteria gene action.
Francois Jacob
David Perrin
Carmen Sanchez
Jacques Monod
observe that a synthetic polynucleotide,
poly U, directs the synthesis of a
polypeptide composed only of
phenylalanine
Marshall Nirenberg
J.H. Matthaei
§ Advancement in Molecular microbiology and Immunology
§ Recombinant DNA technology
what era
modern development
have served as important biochemical and
genetic model system
microorganism
Understanding the molecular role of ___in the hereditary
process occurred as a consequence of studies employing
microorganisms.
DNA
independently discover reverse
transcriptase in RNA viruses 1975
Howard Temin
David Baltimore
show that
if DNA is broken into fragments and
combined with plasmid DNA, such
recombinant DNA molecules will
reproduce if inserted into bacterial
cells. (4)
Stanley Cohen
Annie Chang
Robert Helling
Hertbert Boyer
is declared
officially eliminated; last natural
case seen in Somalia in 1977.
smallpox (variola)
- The study of how the microbial
cell functions biochemically.
microbial physiology
Includes the study of microbial
growth, microbial metabolism
and microbial cell structure
microbial physiology
The study of how genes are
organized and regulated in
microbes in relation to their
cellular functions.
microbial genetics
Closely related to the field of
molecular biology
microbial genetics
The study of the role of microbes in human illness
Includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and
epidemiology and is related to the study of disease
pathology and immunology
medical microbiology
The study of the role in microbes in veterinary
medicine or animal taxonomy.
veterinary microbiology
The study of the function and
diversity of microbes in their
natural environments.
l Includes the study of microbial
ecology, microbe-mediated
nutrient cycling,
geomicrobiology, microbial
diversity and bioremediation
environmental microbiology
breakdown mounting toxic
Characterization of key bacterial
habitats such as the rhizosphere
and phyllosphere
wastes
environmental microbiology
The study of the evolution of microbes.
Includes the study of bacterial
systematics and taxonomy.
evolutionary microbiology
I.e. industrial fermentation and
wastewater treatment. Closely linked to
the biotechnology industry.
brewing, an important application of
microbiology.
Antibiotics, vitamins, pharmaceuticals
industrial microbiology
- The study of airborne microorganisms.
aeromicrobiology
- The study of microorganisms causing food spoilage.
food microbiology
the study of microorganisms causing pharmaceutical
contamination and spoilage.
pharmaceutical microbiology
The study of parasites, their
hosts, and the relationship
between them.
l The focus of study is on
relationship and NOT the
organisms.
parasitology
parasitology that Focuses on protozoans
protozoology
parasitology that focuses in helminths
Helminthology
study microbiology tree
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