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Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where does glycolysis happen

A

cytosol of cell

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2
Q

glucose is converted to what in glycolysis

A

pyruvate

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3
Q

how many steps in glycolysis

A

10 steps

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4
Q

how many pyruvate molecules were synthesized in glycolysis

A

2

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5
Q

Sum of all chemical reactions within a living organisms - a life support process.

A

metabolsim

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6
Q

energy-releasing class of chemical reactions where complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler forms.

A

catabolism

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7
Q

water is broken down as compounds are degraded into simple forms

A

hydrolytic

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8
Q

is hydrolytic and exergonic

A

catabolism

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9
Q

having a net ATP in the process (mroe energy is produced than they consume)

A

catabolism

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10
Q

– energy-requiring, building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones.

A

anabolism

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11
Q

is producing water as by-product. Endergonic opposite of exergonic.

A

dehydration synthesis

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12
Q

composed of dehydration synthesis and endergonic reaction

A

anabolism

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13
Q

type of reactions that transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP

A

catabolic reactions

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14
Q

transfer ATP to complex molecules

A

anabolic reactions

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15
Q

two type of energy production

A

redox rxns
ATP generation

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16
Q

three type of ATP generation

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Electron Transport Level Phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

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17
Q

is a reaction to release energy from organic molecules through transfer of its electrons to a carrier

A

redox reaction

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18
Q

s a chemical reaction where an atom or group of atoms gains electrons, or decreases in oxidation state

A

reduction

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19
Q

is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion

A

phosphorylation

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20
Q

process where ADP turns into ATP

A

phosphorylation

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21
Q

how many ATP is produced from one NADH

A

3 ATP

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22
Q

In oxidation, an organic molecule loses 2 ___ atoms (composed of two electrons and 2 protons).

A

hydrogen

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23
Q

NAD+ takes 1 electron (-) (hence, reduced) and one hydrogen atom, making it ___.

A

NADH

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24
Q

The remaining H+ is released. Hence, it is understood that in every NAD+ that is reduced to NADH, an extra ___ is released in the process.

A

H+

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25
Q

____ reactions is used by cells in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules

A

Redox

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26
Q

happens in glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof Parnas Pathway)

A

SLP

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27
Q

2 1,3 disphosphoglycerid acid + 2 ADP turns into what to form ATP

A

2 3-phosphoglyeric acid + 2 ATP

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28
Q

This means, ATP is produced at the level of the ____ during glycolysis

A

substrate

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29
Q

what kind of phosphorylation happens in ETC

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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30
Q

This means, ATP is produced at the level of the substrates during glycolysis

A

electron transport chain

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31
Q

allows the passive movement of the concentration gradient, the energy of the flow is then used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Phosphate.

A

ATP synthase

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32
Q

kind of phosphorylation that happens in photosystem I (photosynthesis)

A

Photophosphorylation

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33
Q

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the photosynthetic cell, exciting some of the molecules’ electrons. The energy of the electrons is then used by ETC just like how it would, as discussed in oxidative phosphorylation.

A

photophosphorylation

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34
Q

metabolic pathways of energy production can be one of three steps in step I

A

glycolysis
pentose phosphate pathway
Etner-Doudoroff pathway

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35
Q

glycolysis is also knwon as

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

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36
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway is also known as

A

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

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37
Q

oxygen is the final electron acceptor

A

aerobic respiration

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38
Q

oxygen is not the final electron acceptor

A

anaerobic respiration

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39
Q

glycolysis has two stages (2)

A

energy-requiring stage
energy conserving stage

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40
Q

is the most commonly used series of reactions for oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

A

EMP Pathway (Glycolysis)

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41
Q

Many bacteria, animals and plants employ this pathway in their catabolism.

A

glycolysis

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42
Q

Glycolysis Input is glucose and the goal is to convert it to

A

pyruvate or pyruvic acid

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43
Q

in the energy requiring stage of glycolysis, what are the inputs?

A

1 Glucose
2 ATP

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44
Q

the output of the energy requiring stage of glycolysis

A

1 DHAP
1 GP

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45
Q

DHAP

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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46
Q

GP

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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47
Q

in step 1 of glycolysis, what is used to turn glucose into glucose 6-phosphate

A

ATP

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48
Q

an ATP molecule is spent on step 1 of glycolysis to turn glucose into ___

A

glucose 6-phosphate

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49
Q

glucose 6-phosphate turns into __ in the third step of glycolysis

A

fructose 6-phosphate

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50
Q

for the third step, what is spent to turn Fructose 6-phosphate into Fructose 1,6-diphosphate

A

ATP

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51
Q

an ATP is spent to turn Fructose 6-phoshpate to ____

A

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate

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52
Q

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate produces what kind of molecule

A

DHAP
GP

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53
Q

in the energy conserving stage what are the input

A

2 GP
2 NAD+
2 phosphate

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54
Q

what are the output in the energy conserving stage of glycolysis

A

4 ATP
2 NADH + H+
2 H2O
2 Pyruvic acid

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55
Q

in stage 6 of glycolysis, 2 NAD+ turns into ___

A

2 NADH

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56
Q

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate turns into what in stage 6 of glycolysis

A

1,3 disphosphoglyceric acid

57
Q

in stage 7 of glycolysis, 1,3-disphosphoglyceric turns into

A

3-phosphoglyceric acid

58
Q

in stage 8 of glycolysis, 3-phosphoglyceric acid turns into

A

2-phosphoglyceric acid

59
Q

stage where 2 H2O molecules were released in glycolysis

A

stage 9

60
Q

in step 9, 2-phosphoglyceric acid is turned into

A

phosphoenolpyruvic acid

61
Q

stage where another 2 ATP is produced due to phosphoenol pyruvic acid being turn into pyruvic acid

A

stage 10

62
Q

stages where ATP is produced in glycolysis

A

7 and 10

63
Q

in stage 10, phosphoenolpyruvic acid is turned into ___

A

pyruvic acid

64
Q

krebs cycle is also known as

A

tricarboxylic acid cycle
citric acid cycle

65
Q

two steps of krebs cycle

A

preparatory step
actual krebs cycle

66
Q

in the preparatory step of the krebs scycle, what are the inputs

A

2 pyruvic acid
2 NAD+
2 coA

67
Q

A preparatory step converts pyruvate to Acetyl group by ___(losing a carbon) to be able to enter the Krebs cycle

A

decarboxylation

68
Q

what are the outputs of the preparatory step of Krebs cycle

A

2 Acetyl coenzyme A
2 NADH + 2H+
2 CO2

69
Q

input of actual krebs cycle

A

2 Acetyl CoA
6 NAD+
2 FAD
2 CoA

70
Q

outputs of krebs cycle

A

6 NADH + 2H+
2 FADH2
4 CO2
2 ATP
4 COA

71
Q

first step of krebs cycle

acetyl coA is converted to

A

citric acid

72
Q

first step of krebs cycle

acetyl coA is converted to citric acid and __ is released in the process

A

coenzyme A

73
Q

second step of krebs cycle

citric acid is converted to ___

A

isocitrate

74
Q

third step of krebs cycle

isocitrate is converted to

A

ketoglutarate

75
Q

third step of krebs cycle

an ___ is oxidized

A

NAD+

76
Q

third step of krebs cycle where the first decarboxylation happens

A

third

77
Q

fourth step of krebs cycle where ketoglutarate is converted to

A

succinyl-coA

78
Q

step of krebs cycle where second decarboxylation happens

A

4th

79
Q

in the first step of krebs cycle, Acetyl-CoA joins with ___and ___to form citrate

A

oxaloacetate
water

80
Q

step of krebs cycle where succinyl coA is transferred to __

A

succinate

81
Q

succinyl coA turns into ___ after the input of GTP

A

succinate

82
Q

is converted into guanosine triphosphate (GTP) during the conversion of succinyl Co-A to succinate

A

guanosine diphosphate

83
Q

The enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase catalyses the reaction. This is coupled with ___ ___l phosphorylation of GDP to get GTP

A

substrate level

84
Q

GTP transfers its phosphate to ___ to form ATP

A

ADP

85
Q

succinate turns into ___ in the 6th step of krebs

A

fumarate

86
Q

in the sixth step of krebs, a __ enters the cycle to be reduced

A

FAD

87
Q

fumarate turns to malate in the seventh step of krebs with the help of ___

A

water

88
Q

fumarate is transformed to ___ with a H2o molecule

A

malate

89
Q

the third NAD+ is reduced in what step of krebs

A

seventh

90
Q

malate turns into ___ in the final step of krebs

A

oxaloacetate

91
Q

major outcomes of Krebs are the following (3)

A

Release of CO2 per acetyl coA (through decarboxylation)

redox reactions to transfer electron to carriers

SLP

92
Q

where does krebs happen in eukaryotes

A

matrix

93
Q

where does citric acid cycle happen in prokaryotes

A

cytosol

94
Q

happens in the Plasma membrane in prokaryotes; cristae of mitochondria in eukaryotes.

A

electron transport chain

95
Q

NADHs and FADHs from the previous steps are carried forward and tossed to the ____ while simultaneously transporting H+ to the other side of the membrane using the energy of the electrons

A

ETC

96
Q

The stepwise release of energy as electrons are passed on is used to drive ____ of H+.

A

chemiosmosis

97
Q

Types of carrier molecules in ETC

A

flavoproteins
cytochromes
ubiquinones
coenzyme Q

98
Q

acceptboth proteins (H+) and electrons

A

flavoproteins, cytochromes

99
Q

does ubiquinones accept both proton and electron?

A

no

100
Q

The mechanism of ATP synthesis using the electron transport chain is called

A

chemiosmosis

101
Q

As a consequence, protons move from the inside of the membrane to the outside and ___ accumulates in the cytoplasm.

A

OH-

102
Q

which side is the positive side

A

intermembrane space

103
Q

which side is the acidic cide

A

intermembrane space

104
Q

This build up is ___ ___ force and is used by the cell for many tasks including; transport, flagella movement and ATP synthesis (by chemiosmosis)

A

proton motive

105
Q

how many ATP is produced per 1 glucose molecule in glycolysis

A

2 net yield ATP

106
Q

how many NADH is produced in glycolysis

A

2

107
Q

thus, 2 NADH from glycolysis produces

A

6 ATP

108
Q

how many NADH isproduced in the preparatory step

A

2 NADH

109
Q

how many ATP is produced from preparatory step NADH

A

6 ATP

110
Q

how many ATP is produced in TCA through SLP of GTP

A

2 ATP

111
Q

how many NADH and FADH2 is produced in TCA

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2

112
Q

1 FADH2 produces how many ATP

A

4 ATP

113
Q

how many ATP is produced from NADH in TCA

A

18 ATP

114
Q

Some ATP is used in ___ during transport from cytoplasm to mitochondrial membrane, hence, fewer output.

A

eukaryotes

115
Q

how many ATP is produced by FADH from TCA

A

4 ATP

116
Q

sometimes, when oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to numerous products in __

A

fermentation

117
Q

Involves glycolysis only.

A

fermentation

118
Q

Use organic molecule as final electron acceptor instead of oxygen.
May occur in the presence of oxygen.

A

fermentation

119
Q

Produces only small amount of ATP.

A

fermentation

120
Q

example of fermentation

A

lactic acid
alcohol fermentation

121
Q

Microbial fermenters are not necessarily ___, it just depends on the enzymes that are active and present. Hence, these becomes an identifying characteristics of the microorganisms.

A

anaerobic

122
Q

s a biological process by which sugars, such as glucose, are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide

A

alcohol fermentation

123
Q

pyruvic acid undergoes what process in fermentation

A

decarboxylation

124
Q

2 pyruvic acid turns into ___ and ___ during decarboxylation

A

CO2
acetaldehyde

125
Q

2 NADH and 2 Acetaldehyde is turned into ___ during the reduction of acetaldehyde

A

2 ethanol
NAD+

126
Q

acetaldehyde is oxidized/reduced when it turns into ethanol

A

reduced

127
Q

in lactic acid fermentation, which are the output

A

2 lactic acid

128
Q

bacteria that undergo alcohol fermentation

A

saccharomyces
e.coli
salmonella
enterobacter

129
Q

(producers of several products from glucose such as lactic acid and alcohols

A

heterofermentative

130
Q

they only produce lactic acid from glucoses

A

homofermentative

131
Q

homofermentative (only undergo lactic acid fermentation)

A

streptococcus
lactobacillus

132
Q

The pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is reduced by NADH to form lactic acid.

A

lactic acid formation

133
Q

The pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is reduced by ___ to form lactic acid.

A

NADH

134
Q

lactic acid bacteria

A

streptococcus
lactobacillus
bacillus

135
Q

proprionic bacteria end product of fermentation

A

proprionic acidbacteria

136
Q

enterobacter, serratia, and bacillus product in fermentation

A

2,3-butanediol

137
Q

escherichia, enterobacter, salmonella, and proteus end product of fermentation

A

formate

138
Q

clostridum form what end product during fermentation

A

acetate

139
Q

yeast,zymomonas produce what end product during fermentation

A

ethanol

General Microbiology (20 decks)

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