Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards
where does glycolysis happen
cytosol of cell
glucose is converted to what in glycolysis
pyruvate
how many steps in glycolysis
10 steps
how many pyruvate molecules were synthesized in glycolysis
2
Sum of all chemical reactions within a living organisms - a life support process.
metabolsim
energy-releasing class of chemical reactions where complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler forms.
catabolism
water is broken down as compounds are degraded into simple forms
hydrolytic
is hydrolytic and exergonic
catabolism
having a net ATP in the process (mroe energy is produced than they consume)
catabolism
– energy-requiring, building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones.
anabolism
is producing water as by-product. Endergonic opposite of exergonic.
dehydration synthesis
composed of dehydration synthesis and endergonic reaction
anabolism
type of reactions that transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP
catabolic reactions
transfer ATP to complex molecules
anabolic reactions
two type of energy production
redox rxns
ATP generation
three type of ATP generation
Substrate level phosphorylation
Electron Transport Level Phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
is a reaction to release energy from organic molecules through transfer of its electrons to a carrier
redox reaction
s a chemical reaction where an atom or group of atoms gains electrons, or decreases in oxidation state
reduction
is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion
phosphorylation
process where ADP turns into ATP
phosphorylation
how many ATP is produced from one NADH
3 ATP
In oxidation, an organic molecule loses 2 ___ atoms (composed of two electrons and 2 protons).
hydrogen
NAD+ takes 1 electron (-) (hence, reduced) and one hydrogen atom, making it ___.
NADH
The remaining H+ is released. Hence, it is understood that in every NAD+ that is reduced to NADH, an extra ___ is released in the process.
H+
____ reactions is used by cells in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules
Redox
happens in glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof Parnas Pathway)
SLP
2 1,3 disphosphoglycerid acid + 2 ADP turns into what to form ATP
2 3-phosphoglyeric acid + 2 ATP
This means, ATP is produced at the level of the ____ during glycolysis
substrate
what kind of phosphorylation happens in ETC
oxidative phosphorylation
This means, ATP is produced at the level of the substrates during glycolysis
electron transport chain
allows the passive movement of the concentration gradient, the energy of the flow is then used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Phosphate.
ATP synthase
kind of phosphorylation that happens in photosystem I (photosynthesis)
Photophosphorylation
Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the photosynthetic cell, exciting some of the molecules’ electrons. The energy of the electrons is then used by ETC just like how it would, as discussed in oxidative phosphorylation.
photophosphorylation
metabolic pathways of energy production can be one of three steps in step I
glycolysis
pentose phosphate pathway
Etner-Doudoroff pathway
glycolysis is also knwon as
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway
Pentose Phosphate Pathway is also known as
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
oxygen is the final electron acceptor
aerobic respiration
oxygen is not the final electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration
glycolysis has two stages (2)
energy-requiring stage
energy conserving stage
is the most commonly used series of reactions for oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
EMP Pathway (Glycolysis)
Many bacteria, animals and plants employ this pathway in their catabolism.
glycolysis
Glycolysis Input is glucose and the goal is to convert it to
pyruvate or pyruvic acid
in the energy requiring stage of glycolysis, what are the inputs?
1 Glucose
2 ATP
the output of the energy requiring stage of glycolysis
1 DHAP
1 GP
DHAP
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
GP
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
in step 1 of glycolysis, what is used to turn glucose into glucose 6-phosphate
ATP
an ATP molecule is spent on step 1 of glycolysis to turn glucose into ___
glucose 6-phosphate
glucose 6-phosphate turns into __ in the second step of glycolysis
fructose 6-phosphate
for the third step, what is spent to turn Fructose 6-phosphate into Fructose 1,6-diphosphate
ATP
an ATP is spent to turn Fructose 6-phoshpate to ____
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate produces what kind of molecule
DHAP
GP
in the energy conserving stage what are the input
2 GP
2 NAD+
2 phosphate
what are the output in the energy conserving stage of glycolysis
4 ATP
2 NADH + H+
2 H2O
2 Pyruvic acid
in stage 6 of glycolysis, 2 NAD+ turns into ___
2 NADH
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate turns into what in stage 6 of glycolysis
1,3 disphosphoglyceric acid
in stage 7 of glycolysis, 1,3-disphosphoglyceric turns into
3-phosphoglyceric acid
in stage 8 of glycolysis, 3-phosphoglyceric acid turns into
2-phosphoglyceric acid
stage where 2 H2O molecules were released in glycolysis
stage 9
in step 9, 2-phosphoglyceric acid is turned into
phosphoenolpyruvic acid
stage where another 2 ATP is produced due to phosphoenol pyruvic acid being turn into pyruvic acid
stage 10
stages where ATP is produced in glycolysis
7 and 10
in stage 10, phosphoenolpyruvic acid is turned into ___
pyruvic acid
krebs cycle is also known as
tricarboxylic acid cycle
citric acid cycle
two steps of krebs cycle
preparatory step
actual krebs cycle
in the preparatory step of the krebs scycle, what are the inputs
2 pyruvic acid
2 NAD+
2 coA
A preparatory step converts pyruvate to Acetyl group by ___(losing a carbon) to be able to enter the Krebs cycle
decarboxylation
what are the outputs of the preparatory step of Krebs cycle
2 Acetyl coenzyme A
2 NADH + 2H+
2 CO2
input of actual krebs cycle
2 Acetyl CoA
6 NAD+
2 FAD
2 CoA
outputs of krebs cycle
6 NADH + 2H+
2 FADH2
4 CO2
2 ATP
4 COA
first step of krebs cycle
acetyl coA is converted to
citric acid
first step of krebs cycle
acetyl coA is converted to citric acid and __ is released in the process
coenzyme A
second step of krebs cycle
citric acid is converted to ___
isocitrate
third step of krebs cycle
isocitrate is converted to
ketoglutarate
third step of krebs cycle
an ___ is reduced
NAD+
third step of krebs cycle where the first decarboxylation happens
third
fourth step of krebs cycle where ketoglutarate is converted to
succinyl-coA
step of krebs cycle where second decarboxylation happens
4th
in the first step of krebs cycle, Acetyl-CoA joins with ___and ___to form citrate
oxaloacetate
water
step of krebs cycle where succinyl coA is transferred to __
succinate
succinyl coA turns into ___ after the input of GTP
succinate
is converted into guanosine triphosphate (GTP) during the conversion of succinyl Co-A to succinate
guanosine diphosphate
The enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase catalyses the reaction. This is coupled with ___ ___l phosphorylation of GDP to get GTP
substrate level
GTP transfers its phosphate to ___ to form ATP
ADP
succinate turns into ___ in the 6th step of krebs
fumarate
in the sixth step of krebs, a __ enters the cycle to be reduced
FAD
fumarate turns to malate in the seventh step of krebs with the help of ___
water
fumarate is transformed to ___ with a H2o molecule
malate
the third NAD+ is reduced in what step of krebs
seventh
malate turns into ___ in the final step of krebs
oxaloacetate
major outcomes of Krebs are the following (3)
Release of CO2 per acetyl coA (through decarboxylation)
redox reactions to transfer electron to carriers
SLP
where does krebs happen in eukaryotes
matrix
where does citric acid cycle happen in prokaryotes
cytosol
happens in the Plasma membrane in prokaryotes; cristae of mitochondria in eukaryotes.
electron transport chain
NADHs and FADHs from the previous steps are carried forward and tossed to the ____ while simultaneously transporting H+ to the other side of the membrane using the energy of the electrons
ETC
The stepwise release of energy as electrons are passed on is used to drive ____ of H+.
chemiosmosis
Types of carrier molecules in ETC
flavoproteins
cytochromes
ubiquinones
coenzyme Q
acceptboth proteins (H+) and electrons
flavoproteins, cytochromes
does ubiquinones accept both proton and electron?
no
The mechanism of ATP synthesis using the electron transport chain is called
chemiosmosis
As a consequence, protons move from the inside of the membrane to the outside and ___ accumulates in the cytoplasm.
OH-
which side is the positive side
intermembrane space
which side is the acidic cide
intermembrane space
This build up is ___ ___ force and is used by the cell for many tasks including; transport, flagella movement and ATP synthesis (by chemiosmosis)
proton motive
how many ATP is produced per 1 glucose molecule in glycolysis
2 net yield ATP
how many NADH is produced in glycolysis
2
thus, 2 NADH from glycolysis produces
6 ATP
how many NADH isproduced in the preparatory step
2 NADH
how many ATP is produced from preparatory step NADH
6 ATP
how many ATP is produced in TCA through SLP of GTP
2 ATP
how many NADH and FADH2 is produced in TCA
6 NADH
2 FADH2
1 FADH2 produces how many ATP
2 ATP
how many ATP is produced from NADH in TCA
18 ATP
Some ATP is used in ___ during transport from cytoplasm to mitochondrial membrane, hence, fewer output.
eukaryotes
how many ATP is produced by FADH from TCA
4 ATP
sometimes, when oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to numerous products in __
fermentation
Involves glycolysis only.
fermentation
Use organic molecule as final electron acceptor instead of oxygen.
May occur in the presence of oxygen.
fermentation
Produces only small amount of ATP.
fermentation
example of fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol fermentation
Microbial fermenters are not necessarily ___, it just depends on the enzymes that are active and present. Hence, these becomes an identifying characteristics of the microorganisms.
anaerobic
s a biological process by which sugars, such as glucose, are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
alcohol fermentation
pyruvic acid undergoes what process in fermentation
decarboxylation
2 pyruvic acid turns into ___ and ___ during decarboxylation
CO2
acetaldehyde
2 NADH and 2 Acetaldehyde is turned into ___ during the reduction of acetaldehyde
2 ethanol
NAD+
acetaldehyde is oxidized/reduced when it turns into ethanol
reduced
in lactic acid fermentation, which are the output
2 lactic acid
bacteria that undergo alcohol fermentation
saccharomyces
e.coli
salmonella
enterobacter
(producers of several products from glucose such as lactic acid and alcohols
heterofermentative
they only produce lactic acid from glucoses
homofermentative
homofermentative (only undergo lactic acid fermentation)
streptococcus
lactobacillus
The pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is reduced by NADH to form lactic acid.
lactic acid formation
The pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is reduced by ___ to form lactic acid.
NADH
lactic acid bacteria
streptococcus
lactobacillus
bacillus
proprionic bacteria end product of fermentation
proprionic acidbacteria
enterobacter, serratia, and bacillus product in fermentation
2,3-butanediol
escherichia, enterobacter, salmonella, and proteus end product of fermentation
formate
clostridum form what end product during fermentation
acetate
yeast,zymomonas produce what end product during fermentation
ethanol
