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General Microbiology > Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotic cells that play an important role on human disease and health

A

bacteria

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2
Q

has no nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles (e.g. Mitochondria, E.R., Golgi complexes)

A

bacteria

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3
Q

collective term for layers surrounding the bacteria

A

cell envelope

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4
Q

found on the outer surface of the membrane, most important role is to protect the bacteria

A

cell wall

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5
Q

cell wall consist of what

A

peptidoglycan

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6
Q

used to differentiate whether bacteria are gram positive/negative

A

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

A

gram positive bacterai

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8
Q

have a thin layer of peptidoglycan sandwitched between the surface membrane and plasma membrane

A

gram negative

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9
Q

helps maintain shape of the bacteria

A

cell wall

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10
Q

round shaped bacteria

A

cocci

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11
Q

rod shaped bacteria

A

bacilli

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12
Q

spiral shaped bacteria

A

spirilla

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13
Q

bacteria with multiple forms

A

pleomorphic

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14
Q

acts as a shield against phagocytosis and helps it adhere to surfaces

an important virulence factor

A

capsule

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15
Q

most important layer of cell envelope, encloses the cytoplasm

A

plasma membrane

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16
Q

gel-like substance consist mainly of water, cell components, enzymes, and various organic molecules

A

plasma membrane

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17
Q

acquires nutrients
eliminate waste
maintains constant, organized state
selectively permeable barriers

A

plasma membrane

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18
Q

in bacteria, this layer is important in respiration, photosynthesis, and synthesis of lipids and cell wall components

A

plasma membrane

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19
Q

sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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20
Q

present in cytoplasm or attached to plasma membrane

A

ribosomes

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21
Q

ribosomes that are attached to the plasma membrane

A

plasma membrane associated ribosomes

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22
Q

make proteins that reside in the cell envelope or proteins that will be transported outside the cell

A

plasma membrane associated ribosomes

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23
Q

irregularly shaped region that contains the cell chromosome

A

nucleoid

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24
Q

single circle of double stranded DNA but some can have linear and more than 1

A

chromosome

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25
Q

small, dsDNA that can exist dependently from the chromosome (can be linear or circular) has few genes

A

plasmids

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26
Q

often contain genes that have selective advantage

A

plasmids

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27
Q

hair-like structures that allow bacteria to attach to other cells

A

pili

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28
Q

shorter pili

A

fimbriae

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29
Q

long whip-like protrusions that allow bacteria to move

A

flagella

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30
Q

when starved for nutrients, these can develop dormant,heat and dessication resistant spores

A

endospores

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31
Q

most of the knowledge of endospores came from this

A

Bacillus subtilis

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32
Q

can replicate every 30-60 minutes

A

B. subtilis

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33
Q

inititates sporulation

A

starvation

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34
Q

a strategy used by many organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and ferns to survive conditions that are too harsh to sustain vegetative growth.

A

sporulation

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35
Q

8 morphological stages of sporulation

decision to use one of two potential polar division sites for septum formation

what stage

A

0

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36
Q

replication and formation of axial filament

what stage of sporulation

A

stage I

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37
Q

septation occurs

what stage of sporulation

A

stage 2

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38
Q

septation product which will ultimately become the spore

A

forespore

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39
Q

septation product where forespore is derived

A

mother cell

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40
Q

mother cell membrane engulfs forespore

what stage of sporulation

A

stage III

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41
Q

mother cell chromosome destruction

what stage of sporulation

A

stage IV

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42
Q

made up of thick peptidoglycan layer surrounding the forespore protoplast

A

cortex

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43
Q

provide heat resistance and maintaining dormancy to the spore

A

cortex

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44
Q

deposition of coat proteins

what stage of sporulation

A

stage V

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45
Q

maturation completing development

what stage of sporulation

A

stage VI

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46
Q

is a component that accumulates in the forespore protoplast during spore formation, contributing to the heat resistance of the developing spore.

A

dipicolinic acid

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47
Q

what stage does the dipicolinic proliferates

A

stage VI

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48
Q

maintains dehydration in the spore

A

dipicolinic acid

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49
Q

mother cell is called what in stage VII of sporulation

A

sporangium

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50
Q

mother cell releases spore

what stage of sporulation

A

VII

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51
Q

only 10-30 percent of a vegetative cell’s water content

A

dessicated spore

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52
Q

protects DNA in dessicated spores

A

small acid soluble proteins

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53
Q

program to wake the dormant cell and dissolve cortex of spore

A

germination

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54
Q

two categories of cells

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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55
Q

means “true nucleus”

A

eukaryotic

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56
Q

eu means

A

true

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57
Q

means “before nucleus”

A

prokaryotic

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58
Q

pro means

A

before

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59
Q

Organisms which are categorized in the domains of Bacteria and
Archaea belong to the ___cells.

A

prokaryotic cells

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60
Q

Fungi, animals, plants and organisms under the kingdom
Protista are under the category of ___cells.

A

eukaryotic

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61
Q

which is the selective barrier between its cytosol

A

plasma membrane

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62
Q

a semifluid jelly-like
substance inside

A

cytosol

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63
Q

carry the genes made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) segments

A

chromosomes

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64
Q

complexes or units that
convert instructions from the genes to proteins

A

ribosomes

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65
Q

which is bigger P or E?

A

Eukaryotes (Typically 10 – 100 μm _
Prokaryoties (Typically 1– 5 μm)

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66
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in genetic material

A

P - free floating in cytoplasm (nucleoid)
E - contained in a membrane bound nucleus

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67
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in # of chromosomes

A

P - single chromosome; usually circular in shape
E - multiple chromosome; generally in pairs

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68
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in presence of histone

A

P - absent
E - present

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69
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in ribosome sizes

A

P - smaller (70S)
E - larger (80S)

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70
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes (2)

A

70S
80S

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71
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes present in cytoplasm or attached to membranes

A

80S

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72
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplast

A

70S

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73
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in membrane bound organelle

A

P - absent
E - present

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74
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes based on its cell wall composition

A

P - based on peptidoglycan
E - (when present) is made up of cellulose or chitin

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75
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in presence of cili

A

P - absent
E - may be present

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76
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in present of flagella and its movement

A

P - if present provides rotating motility
E - if present provides whiplash motility

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77
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in presence of pili

A

P - present
E - absent

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78
Q

a prokaryotic cell, the genetic material is usually located in a region that is not
membrane closed, which is called a

A

nucleoid

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79
Q

On the other hand, the genetic material possessed by a eukaryotic cell is contained or found in a double membrane-bound organelle called the

A

nucleus

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80
Q

After some million years, after the rise of ____,
eukaryotes emerged in the earth, having complex structures of organelles and can support
aerobic metabolism as well as photosynthesis.

A

atmospheric oxygen

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81
Q

One good explanation on how the first simple eukaryotic cells have emerged to earth is
the

A

endosymbiotic hypothesis

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82
Q

states that the mitochondria and chloroplasts,
the organelles which is responsible for cellular respiration, came from a respiring prokaryote and
a cyanobacterium-like prokaryote.

A

endosymbiotic prokaryote

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83
Q

possess short amounts of DNA which are in a circular form, which is common to bacteria.

A

mitochondria
chloroplast

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84
Q

In the world of microbiology, the common and major groups of eukaryotes are the

A

protist (protozoa and algae)
fungi

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85
Q

have a true nucleus bounded by a double-layer membrane

A

eukaryotic cells

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86
Q

function as “passageways” for messenger RNA leaving the
nucleus out to the cytoplasm during the event of protein synthesis

A

pores in double layer membrane

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87
Q

The eukaryotic DNA is highly condensed and wrapped around proteins called

A

histones

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88
Q

possess a strong positive charge responsible in associating with the negatively charged
phosphate groups on the DNA, giving it a more compact shape

A

histone

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89
Q

is a complex system comprised of tubes. It is an
extensive network of membrane that makes up for more than half the total membrane in most
eukaryotic cells

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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90
Q

endoplasmic means

A

within the cytoplasm

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91
Q

reticulum means

A

little net

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92
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is differentiated into two types

A

RER
SER

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93
Q

mainly possesses numerous ribosomes on its surface, resulting in a rough, granular
appearance when seen under an electron microscope, hence, the name.

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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94
Q

. The areas which do
not contain numerous amounts of ribosomes are known as the

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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95
Q

function is to mainly synthesize protieins

A

RER

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96
Q

Proteins synthesize in the RER already have specified final
destinations, which is to the

A

Golgi apparatus

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97
Q

in contrast, is involved
in a large array of metabolic processes

A

SER

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98
Q

SER is involved in processes called (5)

A

lipid synthesis
carbohydrate
metabolism
calcium ion storage
detoxification of drugs and poisons

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99
Q

is a transport organelle, which consists of a set of flattened vesicles

A

golgi apparatus

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100
Q

The Golgi apparatus is a transport organelle, which consists of a set of flattened vesicles,
called

A

dictyosomes

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101
Q

is responsible for the modification, storage and sending
of the products formed in the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Golgi apparatus

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102
Q

, the membrane itself is extensive
in cells which are specialized in secretion

what organelle

A

Golgi apparatus

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103
Q

has a distinct structural directionality

A

Golgi stack

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104
Q

comprises of two sides, the cis face
and the trans face.

A

Golgi stack

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105
Q

face is the part which is usually located near the ER. Transport vesicles
from the ER move to the Golgi apparatus through this face

A

cis face

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106
Q

face gives rise to
vesicles that “pinch off” and travel to other sites

A

trans face

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107
Q

are membrane bound organelles which contain digestive enzyme

A

lysosomes

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108
Q

contain vesicles which possess hydrolytic enzymes that are responsible for digesting waste
products of the cell.

A

lysosomes

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109
Q

These hydrolytic enzymes have the potential to digest the whole cell, in a
process called a

A

autolysis

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110
Q

autolysis is being regulated by enclosing the enzymes
with the

A

lysosomal membrane

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111
Q

The hydrolytic enzymes and the lysosomal membrane are manufactured in the

A

RER

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112
Q

work at acidic environments, hence, not
very active when released into the cell since the pH of the cytosol is neutral in nature.

A

hydrolytic enzymes

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113
Q

enzyme pH of cytosol

A

neutral

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114
Q

lysosome digesting food

A

phagocytosis

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115
Q

lysosome breaking down damaged organelles

A

autophagy

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116
Q

are generally rod-shaped organelles enclosed by a double membrane

A

mitochondria

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117
Q

The
inner surface of the mitochondria is folded into finger-like projections called

A

cristae

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118
Q

These organelles
vary in numbers depending on which kind of cell they are present in, sometimes in singles or
may be found in large numbers

A

mitochondria

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119
Q

a are sites where cellular respiration occurs, which
is the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from fats,
sugars, and other fuels.

A

mitochondria

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120
Q

which can be observed in plants and algae, are specialized cells which are
also sites of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

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121
Q

are flatted membranous sacs arranged into stacks
called grana.

A

thylakoids

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122
Q

thylakoids arranged into stacks

A

grana

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123
Q

These thylakoids contain the photosynthetic pigment of the plant called the

A

chlorophyll

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124
Q

responsible for converting solar energy to chemical energy when it is used
to synthesize organic compounds particularly sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

A

chloroplast

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125
Q

are organelles derived from the Golgi apparatus.

A

vacuoles

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126
Q

are
responsible for storing various nutrients and waste products.

A

vacuoles

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127
Q

is the rigid protective layer that surrounds the cell

A

cell wall

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128
Q

Some organisms that do have cell walls are

A

fungi
algae
plants

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129
Q

provide form and strength to the cell

A

cell wall

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130
Q

The cell walls of algae, plants and some lower
members of fungi are composed of

A

cellulose

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131
Q

chain of glucose molecules

A

cellulose

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132
Q

fungi that have a different composition of cell wall in yeast and mushroom

A

chitin

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133
Q

a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine is the primary component of
the cell wall.

A

chitin

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134
Q

is also observed as a major component of crustacean and insect
exoskeletons, whose functions are for strength and rigidity.

A

chitin

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135
Q

In eukaryotes without cell walls, the _____ becomes the outermost layer of
the cells.

A

plasma membrane

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136
Q

acts as selective barrier which allows the passageway of important molecules
into the cell.

A

plasma membrane

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137
Q

The plasma membrane is comprised of lipid structures containing

A

two chains of fatty acids and phosphate group

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138
Q

Each phospholipid molecule is
composed of two regions

A

hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail

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139
Q

which is composed of the phosphate group and
glycerol

A

hydrophilic head

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140
Q

which is composed of the two fatty acid chains

A

hydrophobic tail

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141
Q

It can be noticed that when a phospholipid is
dropped into a body of water, a __would form

A

micelle

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142
Q

which is an aggregate with the hydrophilic
head in contact with the solvent, while the hydrophobic tail is being protected inside away from
the solvent.

A

micelle

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143
Q

is an extensive network of fibers that can be observed in the cytoplasm.

A

cytoskeleton

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144
Q

function is to support the cell’s shape and for mechanical support.

A

cytoskeleton

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145
Q

very important part
of the cell since some eukaryotes lack cell wall

A

cytoskelton

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146
Q

cytoskeleton is comprised of three types of
molecular structures

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

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147
Q

are the main components of eukaryotic cells in regard to motility

A

flagella
cilia

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148
Q

is a
lash-like appendage which provides movement or locomotion in certain eukaryotic cells

A

flagellum

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149
Q

cells that have flagella

A

flagellates

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150
Q

It functions also as sensory organelles
to temperatures and chemicals in the surroundings of the cell

A

cilia

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151
Q

on the other hand, can be
described as short flagella. B

A

cilia

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152
Q

Both appendages are attached to the plasma membrane and the
bases are anchored to the cell by a

A

basal body

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153
Q

is the classification of organisms that possess simple characteristics in their cells.

A

prokaryote

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154
Q

a type of prokaryotes,
were also observed with their differences in shape and arrangement.

A

bacteria

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155
Q

three basic shapes of bacteria

A

rod
spherical
curved (spiral)

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156
Q

Bacterial cells also remain attached in an arrangement depending on the plane of ___,
which is a characteristic of their genera

A

fission

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157
Q

some bacteria can be arranged in

A

pairs (diplo)
groups of four (tetrad)
three dimensional cubes (sarcina)
chains (streptococcus)
or irregular (staphylococcus)

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158
Q

paired cocci

A

diplococci

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159
Q

grape-like cocci

A

staphylococci

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160
Q

chains of cocci

A

streptococci

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161
Q

3D cube cocci

A

sarcina

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162
Q

groups of 4 in cocci

A

tetrad

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163
Q

Most bacteria secretes a

A

glycocalyx

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164
Q

a slimy or sticky material on their cell surface made
of polysaccharide or proteins.

A

glycocalyx

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165
Q

glycocalyx that is a more organized
matrix, otherwise, an easily deformed

A

capsule

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166
Q

functions as a
protective layer that enables bacteria to resist phagocytosis by the host immune system

A

capsule

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167
Q

Its polysaccharide nature allows it to bind water
and likely resist desiccation

A

capsule

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168
Q

what gram positive bacteria has a polysaccharide type 11, glucose, glucoronic acid, other types, various sugars and amino sugars

A

S. pneumoniae

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169
Q

what gram positive bacteria has the polysaccharides of hyaluronic acid (group A), others containing amino sugras, uronic acids

A

Streptococcus spp.

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170
Q

what gram positive bacteria has the glutamyl polypeptide

A

bacillus anthracis

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171
Q

what gram negative bacteria has the polybosephosphate

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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172
Q

which gram negative bacteria has the polysaccharides sugars such as hexoses, fucose, uronic acids

A

Klebsiella spp.

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173
Q

what gram negative bacteria has the N-acetylmannosamine phosphate polymer and sialic acid polymers

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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174
Q

The most observed extracellular structures are the

A

flagella

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175
Q

are thin hair-like
structures which are used for motility of a cell, regardless whether eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

flagella and motility

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176
Q

single flagellum at one end

A

monotrichous

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177
Q

flagellum on both end

A

amphitricohus

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178
Q

many flagella on one end

A

lopotrichous

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179
Q

numerous flagella surrounding
the cell

A

peritrichous

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180
Q

As the flagellum’s function is for locomotion, it greatly relies in energy driven by the

A

basal body

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181
Q

A clockwise rotation of a single flagellum will result into “__” of the cell

A

tumbling

182
Q

On the other hand, if the cell’s flagella rotates counterclockwise, it results in
“___” to a straight line.

A

running

183
Q

Other extracellular structure which can be noticed in a bacterial cell is the

A

pili

184
Q

are the structures which resemble short flagella.

A

pili

185
Q

they are not used with motility, which
makes them different from the flagella

A

pili

186
Q

used for anchorage or “sticking” of the
bacterium in a specific surface

A

pili

187
Q

Attachment pili are sometimes called

A

fimbriae

188
Q

which is a term
mostly used in order to differentiate attachment pili to a sex pili,

A

fimbriae

189
Q

which functions in transfer of
genetic information by means of conjugation.

A

sex pili

190
Q

Similar to eukaryotes, prokaryotes also possess a

A

plasma membrane

191
Q

Analogous to sterols of the cell membrane are

A

hopanoids

192
Q

which strengthen the
membranes of bacteria

A

hopanoids

193
Q

have variations in
their cell membranes not found in the other two domains

A

archaea

194
Q

archaea hydrophobic sides are attached to the hydrophilic heads by what linkages

A

ether

195
Q

archea membrane is composed of repeating units of

A

5-C hydrocarbon isoprene

196
Q

20-C unit of isoprene

A

phytanyl group

197
Q

40-C unit of isoprene

A

biphythanyl

198
Q

the cytoplasmic membrane of Archaea can be
constructed with

A

glycerol diether
diglycerol tetraethers

199
Q

s twice the former but the ends
pointing inward become covalently linked

A

diglycerol tetraethers

200
Q

serve its
purpose to Archaeans living in extreme conditions such as the hyperthermophiles.

A

lipid monolayers

201
Q

Among the critical functions of the prokaryote membranes are (3)

A

permeability barrier
anchor to membrane proteins
major site of energy conservation

202
Q

Small uncharged molecules can pass through membranes by ____ except
charged ions.

A

simple diffusion

203
Q

while polar, does freely pass the membrane in both directions

A

water

204
Q

dedicated transport proteins for water

A

aquaporins

205
Q

its aquaporin adjusts movement of water across its membrane in varying osmotic
conditions

A

E. coli

206
Q

help accumulate solutes against concentration gradient, which never
would occur had diffusion been the only mechanism to so.

A

transport proteins

207
Q

consists only of a membrane
spanning transport protein;

A

simple transport

208
Q

involves a series of proteins in the transport
event

A

translocation

209
Q

consists of three components: a substrate-binding protein, a
membrane-integrated transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein

A

ABC system

210
Q

All transport systems require energy in some form, either from

A

proton motive force
ATP

211
Q

involves transport proteins
such as uniporters, symporters and antiporters, whose functions is owed to their names.

A

simple transport

212
Q

is a well-studied symporter for lactose using the energy of the protons as the
driving force, which puts is in the indirect active transport category

A

Lac permease

213
Q

transporter in E.coli that is used for lactose using energy of protons

A

Lac permease

214
Q

modifies
the substance during the uptake by phosphotransferase system.

A

group translocation

215
Q

provide the energy (phosphate) which is cascaded from the five-protein system to glucose
(sample molecule) during transport.

A

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

216
Q

are found in gram-negative and
employs the periplasmic-binding proteins, membrane transporter and ATP-hydrolyzing proteins.

A

ATP-binding Cassette (ABS transport system)

217
Q

About ___ABC transport systems have been identified in prokaryotes for the uptake of organic
compounds such as sugars and amino acids, and inorganic nutrients.

A

200

218
Q

Gram positives have ABC
transport systems involving ___ proteins of their cell membranes and do the same just as
in the gram negatives.

A

peripheral

219
Q

While there is a specific area where the genetic materials of prokaryotes can be found,
the absence of a nuclear membrane make it indistinguishable. It is, thus, found in an area called

A

nucleoid region

220
Q

Generally, the nucleoid or the bacterial chromosome of the prokaryotes is constituted in
a closed circular shape of what kind of DNA

A

double-stranded DNA

221
Q

However, not all bacteria conform to a circular structure of DNA. Some bacteria also do possess
linear chromosomes such as

A

Streptomyces coelicolor

222
Q

Some bacteria also contain additional DNA
in a form of

A

extrachromosomal plasmids

223
Q
A
224
Q

fundamental internal structures of
prokaryotic cells. These structures are comprised of complex proteins and RNA.

A

ribosomes

225
Q

the site of protein synthesis, where an mRNA is being translated into a protein

A

ribosomes

226
Q

Foremost, ribosomes are
measure with

A

Svedberg units

227
Q

a prokaryotic ribosome has only

A

70s

228
Q

All ribosomes are composed of two unequal subunits.
Prokaryotes are comprised of a subunit of

A

50s and 3-s

229
Q

eukaryotes are composed of what subunits

A

60S and 40s

230
Q

Bacteria, like other prokaryotic and some eukaryotic cells such as plants, have a
protective layer in their cells which provides structural rigidity and strength which are called

A

cell walls

231
Q

protects bacterial cells against lysis

A

cell wall

232
Q

can be caused by pressures in the activities
of transport systems of the cell.

A

lysis

233
Q

Generally, species of bacteria are divided into two major classifications in regards with
their cell wall structures. These are called G

A

gram positive
gram negative

234
Q

Basically, the cell wall structure of a
Gram-__bacteria is very much more chemically complex, consisting of two layers

A

negative

235
Q

On the
other hand, the cell wall of a Gram-___bacteria is comprised of only a single type of molecule
but very much thicker than its counterpart

A

positive

236
Q

is a polysaccharide which is made up of N-acetylglucosamine and N
acetylmuramic acid –

A

peptidoglycan

237
Q

amino acids in peptidoglycan

A

L-alanine,
D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, and either lysine or DAP (diaminopimelic acid).

238
Q

L-alanine,
D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, and either lysine or DAP (diaminopimelic acid). Such molecules are
responsible for the formation of a repeating structure called the g

A

glycan tetrapeptide

239
Q

The chains of sugars connected by the glycosidic bonds are linked by the cross-links
of

A

amino acids

240
Q

typically obtain cross linkages by a peptide formation from the carboxyl
group of D-alanine to the amino group of DAP.

A

gram negative

241
Q

occurs through a peptide interbridge, in which the numbers and types of amino
acids in that interbridge vary between species.

A

gram positive

242
Q

In the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacteria, ____comprises about 90% in the structure
itself, mostly having several sheets stacked one after another.

A

peptidoglycan

243
Q

peptidoglycan contain acidic polysaccharides known as

A

teichoic acid

244
Q

which
contain phosphate groups that are responsible for an overall negative charge of the cell surface.

A

teichoic acid

245
Q

This actually makes the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria to be less sturdy.

A

thinner peptidoglycan

246
Q

the structure is more complex because there is a second phospholipid bilayer
observed outside of the peptidoglycan layer, which is more permeable than the inner cytoplasmic
membrane.

A

gram negative bacteria

247
Q

In addition, the second phospholipid bilayer contains special
types of molecules called

A

lipopolysaccharides

248
Q

which helps support the bacterial cell by protecting
it from certain drugs and antibodies in the immune system.

A

lipopolysaccharides

249
Q

This outer membrane is connected
from the peptidoglycan layer by molecules called

A

lipoproteins

250
Q

which functions as anchorage and
hold the outer membrane via covalent bonds of the bacteria to itself.

A

lipoproteins

251
Q

Moreover, one function of the outer membrane is to keep the
proteins whose activities are being done outside the cytoplasmic membrane from going away.
Therefore it is contained in a region between the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane
and the inner surface of the outer membrane called the

A

periplasm

252
Q

The reason why the outer membrane is relatively permeable to some molecules is because of
channels embedded in the membrane which are known as

A

porins

253
Q

porins are divided in two

A

nonspecific porins
specific porins

254
Q

which form water-filled channels making any small substance to
pass,

A

nonspecific porins

255
Q

which contain binding sites for specific types of molecules.

A

specific porins

256
Q

In Gram staining procedure, the crystal violet-iodine
complex forms outside/inside the bacterial cell.

A

inside

257
Q

by applying ___, the crystal violet-iodine
complex becomes extracted from the Gram-negative bacteria but not from the Gram-positive
bacteria.

A

alcohol

258
Q

dehydrates the thick peptidoglycan layer of
the Gram-positive cell wall, resulting in the closure of pores in the layer itself and preventing the
escape of the crystal violet-iodine complex, hence, the violet coloration.

A

alcohol

259
Q

This makes the Gram-negative bacteria readily accept the
counterstain

A

safranin

260
Q

Certain species of bacteria, such as ___and __, produce structures called
endospores.

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

261
Q

are highly differentiated, dormant forms of the cells which function as
survival structures that enables the organism equipped with it highly resistant to extreme
conditions such as very high temperature, harsh chemicals, pH, as well as radiation,

A

endospores

262
Q

endospores is highly resistant to

A

very high temp
harsh chemicals
pH
radiation

263
Q

compartmentalized interior but no cell wall

A

animal cell

264
Q

non-compartmentalizd in interior has a cell wall

A

bacterial cell

265
Q

two major structures in bacterial cell

A

chromosomes
ribosomes

266
Q

has a + outer membrane in bacteria

A

gram-negative

267
Q

has a - outer membrane in bacteria

A

gram positive

268
Q

with no nuclear membrane

A

prokaryotes

269
Q

single-celled, microscopic organism

A

prokaryotes

270
Q

a bacillus-shaped
bacterium 80 µm diameter; 200-600 µm long;

A

Epulopiscium fishelsoni

271
Q

a spherical
bacterium between 100 and 750 µm
diameter

A

Thiomargarita nambiensis

272
Q

generally much smaller
eukaryotic cells.

A

prokaryotic cells

273
Q

very complex despite their small size

A

prokaryotic cell

274
Q

what size is more advantageous

A

small

275
Q

diameter may be
insufficient to house
cells’ essential
components – limit for
small sizes

A

0.1 um

276
Q

Higher/Lower Surface/Volume
ratio support faster rate of
nutrient exchange

A

Higher

277
Q

means
immediate expression of
mutations - raw material
for rapid growth and
evolution

A

smaller size

278
Q

example of straight rod

A

escherichia

279
Q

example of branching rod

A

actinomyces

280
Q

spore forming rod

A

bacillus

281
Q

club shaped rod

A

corynebacterium

282
Q

two cells that did not separate

A

diplococci

283
Q

example of diplococci

A

neisseria

284
Q

streaking will
spread them in
clusters

A

staphylococcus

285
Q

is a measure of viable colonogenic cell numbers in CFU/mL

A

colony forming unit

286
Q

Gram-positive, coccus
prokaryote (dividing).

A

streptococcus pyogenes

287
Q

Agents of: pharyngitis, food
poisoning, puerperal
fever (childbed fever),
scarlet fever, rheumatic
fever, skin and wound
infections

A

streptococcus pyogenes

288
Q

other shapes of bacterias

A

stellar
square and flat
triangular
variable
coccoid

289
Q

pleomorphic bacterium

A

rhizobium
corynebacterium

290
Q

typical plasma membrane of prokaryotes has the ff (5)

A

phospholipid bilayer
peripheral proteins
integral proteins
carbohydrates
sterols (cholesterol)

291
Q

phospholipid + coline =

A

phosphatidylcholine

292
Q

seen in animal cell
membranes

A

cholesterol

293
Q

found in eucalyptus
and plants

A

phytosterol

294
Q

phytosterol is composed of

A

campesterol
sitosterol
stimgasterol

295
Q

what lipid are present only in e coli

A

phosphatidylglycerol

296
Q

not present in e. coli among human erythrocyte, human myelin, beef heart mitochondria

A

phosphatidylserine

297
Q

present in archeal cell membrane

A

glycerol diether

298
Q

version of fatty acid in archea

A

phytanyl

299
Q

2 phytanyl covalently linked on their hydrophobic
ends.

A

biphytanyl

300
Q

because of this, archea can survive extreme
conditions

A

lipid monolayer of biphytanyl

301
Q

position of ___make it difficult for phospholipid to become solid at colder temperature

A

cholesterol

302
Q

makes the bilayer less liquid in high temp

A

cholesterol

303
Q

functions of bacterial membrane

A

selective permeability
Protein anchor
Breakdown of nutrients and
production of energy
DNA replication

304
Q

function of bacterial membrane that prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into and out of the cell

A

permeability barrier

305
Q

Transport systems are
established in the membrane for
this purpose

A

selective barrier

306
Q

not allowed to pass in a selective barrier

A

charged ions

307
Q

general charge of the cell is always maintained as

A

negative (-)

308
Q

crystal violet and safranin are charged

A

negative (-)

309
Q

odorless, colorless (replaces oxygen in RBC)

A

nitric oxide

310
Q

function of bacterial membrane that is the site of many proteins involved in transport, bioenergetics and chemotaxis

A

protein anchor

311
Q

function of bacterial membrane that is the site of generation and use of proton motive force

A

energy conservation

312
Q

the free energy per mol required to move protons outward across the membrane

A

proton motive force

313
Q

infoldings of
plasma membrane in
prokaryote

A

chromatophores/thylakoids

314
Q

a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes

A

passive transport

315
Q

is the movement of molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration with the use of energy.

A

active transport

316
Q

high to low – towards equilibrium

A

simple diffusion

317
Q

passive diffusion is made up of

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion

318
Q

diffusion with
transporters (permeases)
towards equilibrium

A

facilitated diffusion

319
Q

uses ATP, Against
concentration gradient

For non-equilibrium;

Unidirectional

Ions and simple sugar

A

active processes

320
Q

require energy in
some form, either
from the proton
motive force, or
ATP, or some other
energy-rich
organic compound

A

transport system

321
Q
  • could indirectly
    be active transport,
    facilitated by protons
A

simple transport

322
Q

type of transport system in prokaryotes that is driven by energy in the proton motive force

A

simple transport

323
Q

type of transport system in prokaryotes that has the chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

A

group translocation

324
Q

type of transport system in prokaryotes that has periplasmic binding proteins involved and energy comes from ATP

A

ABC system

325
Q

simple facilitated transporter that is unidirectional

A

uniporter

326
Q

movement of
a molecule towards a
direction facilitates
movement of another
molecule in opposite
direction

A

antiporters

327
Q

cotransport two
molecule –same direction

A

symporters

328
Q

what transporters are involved in indirect active transport

A

antiporters
symporters

329
Q

involves a transport system coupled to an exergonic chemical reaction, most commonly the hydrolysis of ATP

A

direct active transport

330
Q

involves the coupled transport of solute S and ions-protons, which in this case, the exergonic movement of protons provides the energy to move the transported solute against the concentrated gradient or electrochemical potential

A

indirect active transport

331
Q

indirect active transport is also known as

A

secondary active transport

332
Q

enzymes /transport proteins along the cell membrane
- allow protons to tag along a lactose

A

lac permease

333
Q

lac permease is an example of

A

symporter

334
Q

provide the
energy (phosphate)
which is cascaded
from the five-protein
system to glucose
(sample molecule)
during transport.

A

phosphoenolpyruvate

335
Q

ABC means

A

ATP-binding casette

336
Q

ABC transporters
contain three interacting
components

A

▪ periplasmic-binding
proteins
▪ membrane transporter
▪ ATP-hydrolyzing
proteins.

337
Q

Found in gram neg and
gram positive bacteria

what transport

A

ABC transporters

338
Q

Important because some
bacterial enzyme are designed to
function outside cell

A

protein export in prokaryotes

339
Q

proteins designed to function outside cell

A

exoenzymes (amylase, cellulase, periplasmic enzymes)

340
Q

which are specific in
the types of proteins exported

A

translocases

341
Q

A mass
aggregates of
prokaryotic
chromosome

A

nucleoid

342
Q

Composed of
housekeeping
genes

A

nucleoid

343
Q

nucleoid is diploid/haploid

A

haploid

344
Q

shape of bacterial chromosome

A

Supercoiled

345
Q

Supercoiling is added
or removed by

A

topoisomerases

346
Q

function as energy
reserves and as
reservoirs of structural
building blocks

A

cell inclusions

347
Q

insoluble forms in cell

A

cell inclusion

348
Q

function as phosphate reserves

A

metachromatic granules

349
Q

function as glycogen and starch reserves

A

polysaccharides granules

350
Q

function in non equilbirium, tried to put them inside the cytoplasm

A

polysaccharide granules

351
Q

cell inclusion that function as energy reserves (2)

A

lipid inclusions
sulfur granules

352
Q

cell inclusion that function as ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation

A

carboxysomes

353
Q

cell inclusion that function as protein covered cylidners

A

gas vacuoles

354
Q

cell inclusion that function as iron mineral magnetite (Fe3O4)

A

magnetosomes

355
Q

small gas-filled
structures made of protein that
confer buoyancy on cells.

A

gas vesicles

356
Q

decrease the density of cells

A

gas vesicles

357
Q

allows organisms in water to
position themselves for optimum
light harvesting.

A

gas vesicles

358
Q

common in many species of
cyanobacteria

A

gas vescicles

359
Q

are
intracellular particles of the
iron mineral magnetite (Fe3
O4 ) that allow organisms to respond
to a magnetic field

A

magnetosomes

360
Q

structures that are external to the cell wall include

A

glycocalyx
flagella
fimbriae and pili

361
Q

substances that surrounds the cells outside the cell wall

A

glycocalyx

362
Q

May be up to 10 µm thick

A

glycocalyx

363
Q

types of glycocalyx

A

capsule
slime layer

364
Q
  • thick layer of viscous gel
A

capsule

365
Q

amorphous glycocalyx

A

slime layer

366
Q

Not required for viability

A

glycocalyx

367
Q

a glycocalyx for biofilm protection and communication

A

extracellular polymeric substance

368
Q

have a role in adherence, virulence, protection, securing nutrients, and cell-to-cell recognition.. The capsule is unstained and appears as a halo around the cell.

A

capsules

369
Q

medical importance of capsule

A

inhibit ingestion and killing by phagocytes
attachment
can be absorbed as food
against dehydration
prevent moving out of nutrients

370
Q

causes pneumonia if capsule is present

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

371
Q

colonize respiratory tract if with capsule.

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

372
Q

For motility (taxis)
About 15-20 nm thin

A

flagella

373
Q

proteins helps identify certain pathogenic bacteria

A

flagellar

374
Q

food borne epidemics are caused by this strain of flagellated bacteria

A

E.coli O157:H7

375
Q

parts of flagella (3)

A

filament
hook
basal body

376
Q

made of globular protein flagellin in chains to form a hollow core

A

filament

377
Q

end of the filament

A

hook

378
Q

anchors flagellum to cell wall and plasma membrane through series of rings

A

basal body

379
Q

how many rings does the gram negative cell wall have

A

4 rings

380
Q

what rings of the gram negative cell has them outside the peptidoglycan layer

A

L ring
P ring

381
Q

what rings of the gram negative cell has them outside the peptidoglycan layer

A

MS ring
C ring

382
Q

drives the flagellar motor rotation

A

proton motive force

383
Q

An appreciable speed of about 60 cell lengths/second can be achieved.

A

proto motive force

384
Q

how many rings does a gram positive flagellate have

A

2 rings

385
Q

Diameter measures on 10-13 nm

Rotates similarly like in bacteria

Several different flagellin

A

Archaea bacteria

386
Q

genes for this bear no resemblance to bacteria.

A

Archea Flagella

387
Q

Appears that ATP is source of energy

A

Archea Flagella

388
Q

Endoflagella

Bundles of fibrils that arise at the end of cell

With similar structure to flagella

A

axial filaments

389
Q

its rotation propels spirochetes in a spiral movement.

A

axial filaments

390
Q

Pattern useful in identifying bacteria.

A

flagellar distribution

391
Q

the arrangement in which the flagella are present throughout the body of the cell, all of which are directed in different ways.

A

peritrichous

392
Q

A single flagellum at one end or the other. These are known as polar flagellum and can rotate clockwise and anti-clockwise.

A

monotrichous

393
Q

have multiple flagella located at the same spot on the bacteria’s surfaces which act in concert to drive the bacteria in a single direction.

A

lopotrichous bacteria

394
Q

are polar flagella located on opposite sides of the bacteria.

A

amphitrichous flagella

395
Q

patterns of motility

A

reversible flagella
unidirectional flagella

396
Q

Both made of pilin proteins

A

fimbriae and pili

397
Q

3 to 10 µm; few to hundreds in a cell; for attachment to environments; pellicle or biofilm

A

fimbriae

398
Q

fimbriae helps this bacteria to colonize mucous membrane

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

399
Q

9 to 10 µm; 1 to 2 per cell;

required for bacterial genetic exchange during conjugation; genetically determined by sex factors or conjugative plasmids

A

pili

400
Q

Adhesion to specific tissues
May also function for twitching motility (type IV pili)

A

pili

401
Q

what pili function for twitching motility

A

type IV

402
Q

do not employ rotating flagella but instead creep along a solid surface by any of several possible mechanisms.

A

gliding motility

403
Q

can occur from slime secretion or by a ratchet-protein mechanism that moves the outer membrane of the cell.

A

gliding motility

404
Q

repeated extension and retraction of pili

A

twitching motility

405
Q

Maintaining the cell’s characteristic shape - compensates for the flexibility of the phospholipid membrane and keeps the cell from assuming a spherical shape

A

bacterial cell wall

406
Q

Countering the effects of osmotic pressure - responsible for keeping the cell from bursting when the intracellular osmolarity is much greater than the extracellular teichoic osmolarity

A

bacterial cell wall

407
Q

cell wall Providing attachment sites for

A

bacteriophage

408
Q

attached to the outer surface of the wall are like landing pads for viruses that infect bacteria

A

teichoic acids

409
Q

Providing a rigid platform for surface appendages - flagella, fimbriae, and pili all emanate from the wall and extend beyond it

Contributes to virulence

Site of action of antibiotics

Differentiates major types of bacteria

A

cell wall

410
Q

Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids (lipo and wall)

A

gram positive

411
Q

Outer membrane (phospholipids, lipopolysaccharide, porins)
Periplasmic space (thin peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, enzymes)

A

gram negative

412
Q

connected by peptide interbridge

A

glycan tetrapeptide units

413
Q

which gram reaction have interbridges

A

gram positive

414
Q

bonds NAM and NAM together

A

peptide bonds

415
Q

bonds NAM-NAG

A

B-1,4 glycosidic bonds

416
Q

Sensitive to lysozyme found in animal secretions

A

B,1-4 glycosidic bonds

417
Q

acidic component of gram positive cell wall

A

teichoic acid

418
Q

links to plasma membrane

A

ipoteichoic acid

419
Q

what teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan

A

wall

420
Q

its outermembrane has Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, phospholipids

A

gram negative

421
Q

– contains unusual sugars, and provide stability in gram negative bacteria

A

core polysaccharide

422
Q

antigenic (E. coli O157:H7)

A

o-polysaccharide

423
Q

NOT a typical phospholipid
Has endotoxin properties, which may cause violent symptoms in humans

A

lipid A in gram negative

424
Q

Cause intestinal symptoms (gas, diarrhea, vomiting).

A

lipid A

425
Q

Gel-like consistency
contains various proteins involved in important cellular functions (hydrolytic, chemoreceptors)

A

periplasm

426
Q

Channel for solutes (nucleotides, disaccharide, peptides etc.)

A

porins

427
Q

Protection from phagocytes, and complement system.
Barrier to antibiotics, lysozyme, detergents, dyes

A

gram negative outer membrane

428
Q

Lack cell walls
Sterols in plasma membrane

A

mycoplasma

429
Q

Mycolic acid (wax)
Thin peptidoglycan

A

mycobacterium

430
Q

variations of cell wall in archea

A

a. Wall-less
b. Walls of pseudomurein (N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (NAT) instead of NAM).
c. made of polysaccharides
d. S-layer (paracrystalline)

431
Q

instead of NAM, archea has what

A

n-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (NAT)

432
Q

The backbone of pseudopeptidoglycan is linked by b-1,_bonds instead of the b-1,4 bonds of peptidoglycan

A

b-1,3

433
Q

digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan

A

lysozyme

434
Q

inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.

A

penicillin

435
Q

The Gram positive cell without a wall is a

A

protoplast

436
Q

is a wall-less Gram-negative cell.

A

spheroplast

437
Q

forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes.

A

L forms

438
Q

are susceptible to osmotic lysis.

A

protoplast and spheroplast

439
Q

-resistant to
Extreme Heat
UV radiation
Desiccation
Chemical disinfectants

A

endospores

440
Q

endospores are found in gram negative

A

Coxiella burnetiid

441
Q

endospores are found in genera

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

442
Q

– thin protein covering of endospore

A

exosporium

443
Q

part of endospore that is made of spore-specific protein

A

spore coat

444
Q

part of endospore that has loose peptidoglycan

A

cortex

445
Q

part of endospore that has a wall, membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, and others

A

core

446
Q

resistance factors for endospore

A

heat-stable enzymes
Ca-dipicolinic acid (DPA)
Protoplast dehydration
Small acid-soluble spore protein (SASPs)

447
Q

Binds free water and help dehydrate; intercalates with DNA, protect it from heat denaturation

A

Ca-dipicolinic acid

448
Q

Increases heat resistance, H2O2 resistance, and keep enzymes inactive.

A

protoplast dehydration

449
Q

protect DNA from ultraviolet radiation, desiccation, and dry heat and also serve as a carbon and energy source during germination.

A

small acid-soluble spore protein (SASPs)

450
Q

reduce water availability within the endospore, thus helping to dehydrate it

A

calcium DPA complexes

451
Q

These complexes also intercalate in DNA, stabilizing it from heat denaturation.

A

calcium dpa complexes

452
Q

endospore morphology

A

central endosphore
terminal endospore
lateral endospore

General Microbiology (25 decks)

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