Microbiolab Supplemental Flashcards

1
Q

⚫Also an indicator of spoilage

A

microbial counts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many ul of inoculum is placed in a hemocytometer

A

10 ul

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many ul of inoculum is placed in pour plating

A

1 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many ul is placed in spread plating

A

0.1 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

direct count formula

A

(5)(10)(1000)(DF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cfu/ml formula

A

number of colonies * DF/volume plated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

⚫Anaerobic to Facultative bacteria will grow.

what kind of bacteria lcount

A

pour plating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

⚫Usually lower count than Spread Plating because of the
hot medium poured into the bacterial suspension

A

pour plating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

can be used to measure
aerobic to facultative anaerobes

A

spread plating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

measures anaerobic to facultative anaerobe

A

pour plating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

⚫It is possible that ___ plating method will give a lower
count because the melted medium can kill the cells.

A

pour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cell wall synthesis

A

cycloserine
vancomycin
bacitracin
penicillin
cephalosporins
monobactams
carbapenems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dna gyrase

A

nalidixic acid
ciproflaxin
novobiocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

quinolones include

A

nalidixic acid
ciproflaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

rna elongation

A

actinomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cycloserine
vancomycin
bacitracin
penicillin
cephalosporins
monobactams
carbapenems

what do they inhibit

A

cell wall synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nalidixic acid
ciproflaxin
novobiocin

what do they inhibit

A

dna gyrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

actinomycin

what do they inhibit

A

RNA elongaton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

inhibit dna-directed rna polymerase

A

rifampin
streptovaricins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rifampin
streptovaricins

what do they inhibit

A

DNA-directed rna polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

50s inhibitors

A

erythromycin
chloramphenicol
clindamycin
lincomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

erythromycin
chloramphenicol
clindamycin
lincomycin

what do they inhibit

A

50s inhibitors (protein synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

30s inhibitors

A

Tetracyclines
Spectinomycin
Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Amikacin
Kanamycin
Nitrofurans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tetracyclines
Spectinomycin
Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Amikacin
Kanamycin
Nitrofurans

what do they inhibit

A

30s inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
inhibits tRNA in protein synthesis
Mupirocin Puromycin
26
Mupirocin Puromycin inhibits what
protein synthesis tRNA
27
inhibits cytoplasmic memtrane structure
polymyxin daptomycin
28
polymyxin daptomycin inhibits
cytoplasmic membrane structure
29
inhibit folic acid metabolism
trimetroprim sulfonamides
30
trimetroprim sulfonamides inhibits
folic acid metabolism
31
Causes bacterial cell lysis and death;
penicillin
32
:Stops bacterial protein synthesis, leading to inhibited growth
tetracyclines
33
Causes DNA fragmentation and bacterial cell death;
quinolones
34
Prevents protein elongation, stopping bacterial growth
macrolides
35
:Results in defective proteins and bacterial cell death.
aminoglycosides
36
:Prevents bacterial DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis;
sulfonamides
37
:Prevents cell wall cross-linking, causing bacterial cell lysis
glycopeptides
38
example of penicillin
penicillin amoxicillin
39
example of tetracyclines
tetracycline doxycycline
40
example of quinolones
ciprofloxacin levofloxacin
41
examples of macrolides
erythromycin azithromycin
42
example of aminoglycosides
gentamicin streptomycin
43
example of sulfonamides
sulfamethoxazole
44
example of glycopeptides
vancomycin
45
is determined by comparing the zone of inhibition with MIC values in a standard table
minimum inhibitory concentration
46
MIC that is sensitive
<= 1
47
MIC that is intermediate
2-4
48
MIC that is resistant
>=8
49
The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of a microorganism.
minimum inhibitory concentration
50
allows the chemotherapeutic agent to diffuse freely.
Mueller Hinton Agar
51
Provide the necessary nutrients for bacterial growth; what component of MHA
beef extract
52
Absorbs any toxic metabolites produced by bacteria, helping to maintain the integrity of the antibiotic; what component of MHA
starch
53
Solidifying agent what component of MHA
agar
54
: Allows for easy observation of the zones of inhibition around antibiotic disks what property of MHA
clear and colorless
55
Supports the growth of a wide range of bacteria without favoring any particular type. what property of MHA
non-selective, non-differential
56
During incubation, the chemotherapeutic agent __from the disk, from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffuses
57
: The antibiotic may be somewhat effective in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria, but not as strongly as for strains classified as "sensitive.” what kind of effectiveness
moderate sensitive
58
means that the bacterial strain being tested shows a moderate level of sensitivity to the antibiotic.
intermediate
59
“mid (temp) loving”; mostly pathogens; causes most food spoilage; 20 – 400C
mesophiles
60
have midrange temperature optima (optimum environmental conditions)
mesophiles
61
found in warm -blooded animals; in terrestrial; and aquatic environments in temperate and tropical latitudes
mesophiles
62
example of mesophiles
e.coli b.subtilis
63
“cold loving”; can grow at 00C
psychrophiles
64
0 – 20oC
psychrophiles
65
subgroups of psychrophiles
true psychrophiles psychrotrophs psychrotolerant
66
psychrobacter is __
psychrotroph
67
athrobacter is a ___
psychrotolerant
68
heat loving”; 45 – 90C
thermophiles
69
(extreme thermophiles);
hyperthermophiles
70
have evolved to grow optimally under very hot or very cold conditions
extremophiles
71
example of thermophiles
thermotoga maritima geobacilus stearothermophilus
72
optimum is 150C; max is below 200C
pscyhrophiles
73
optimum 200C to 400C
psychrotolerant
74
optima range is 0oC to 35oC
psychrotrophs
75
Thermococcus celer; Methanopyrus kandleri; Pyrolobus fumarii (1060C) what kind
hyperhermophiles
76
cells are composed of what percent o fwater
80-90
77
Lactobacilli what kind of pH
acidophiles
78
Bacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces what kind of pH
alkaliphiles
79
: thrives in the presence of carbon dioxide
capnophiles
80
example of strict aerobes
m. luteus alcaligenes faecalis
81
example of facultative anaerobes
e.coli e. faecalis
82
example of aerotolerant anerobes
l. bulgaricus
83
example of microaerophile
campylobacter haemophilus
84
example of obligate anaerboes
c. sporogenes
85
A liquid medium designed to promote growth of a wide variety of fastidious microorganisms.
fluid thioglycollate medium
86
compounds that act as surfactants that alter membrane permeability of some bacteria and fungi (Not sporicidal)
quaternary ammonia
87
most resistant to least resistant
prions endospores of bacteria mycobacteria cyst of protozoa vegetative protozoa gram-negative bacteria fungi (incl. most fungal spore forms) viruses without envelopes gram-positive bacteria viruses with lipid envelopes
88
water quality parameters is divided into 3
physical chemical microbial
89
water intended for direct human consumption or use in food preparation
drinking water
90
– water suitable (both health and acceptability considerations) for drinking and cooking purposes .
potable water
91
other water aside from drinking and potable
recreational marine coastal
92
family of e coli
enterobacteriaceae
93
lactose fermenters of enterobacteriaceae
e. coli citrobacter kliebsella enterobacter
94
non-lactose fermenters of enterobacteriaceae
salmonelli shigella proteus yersinia
95
By gram staining or Using selective medium for g-neg i.e EMB, Endo agar, MacConkey what does it detect
rod-shaped, non-spore forming gram negative bacteria
96
Gas production caught in the Durham tubes; dark colonies pink, red, purple with green metallic sheen. what does it detect
lactose fermenter at 37
97
___ pH cause yellow coloration in Lactose broth; metallic sheen and purple surrounding with low pH on plates
acidic
98
Dark coloration of colonies attribute dto
acetaldehyde
99
total coliforms should be at a conformity lvel of __
<1 cfu/100 ml
100
e coli test must give a result of
<1.1 mpn/100ml
101
<50MPN/100 mL means
conformity, low, and intermediate risk level
102
v<50MPN/100 mL what treatment needed
disinfection alone
103
>50MPN/100mL and <5,000 MPN/1000 mL
high and very high risk leve>50MPN/100mL and <5,000 MPN/1000 mLls
104
>50MPN/100mL and <5,000 MPN/1000 mL what treatment
complete treatment
105
selective, differential agar medium used for isolation of gram-negative rods in a variety of specimen types
EMBA
106
inhibits the gram + bacteria in EMBA
methylene blue
107
changes color to a dark purple, when the medium around the colony becomes very acidic what component of EMBA
eosin
108
key nutrient; fermented by coliforms to produce acid
lactose
109
Gram neg, Darkened purple with strong acids produced from lactose Metallic green with low pH – rapid fermenter Fecal coliform what is present in EMBA
green metallic sheen: e.coli
110
Gram neg, Darkened with strong acids produced from lactose No Metallic green, pH did not lower – slow fermented Coliform, but non-fecal what is present
dark pink/red enterobacter aerogenes
111
Gram neg, Did not darken - no acids produced from lactose No Metallic green, pH did not lower – non-fermenter Non-coliform what is present in EMBA
light pink/colorless P.aeruginosa
112
is a technique that uses a physical barrier (usually a porous membrane or filter) to separate particles and microorganisms suspended in a fluid sample including food, air and water.
membrane filtration technique
113
filter membranes retain particles or microorganisms larger than their pore size primarily by surface capture what kind of filter membranes
cellulose nitrate cellulose acetate
114
major advantage of the membrane filtration technique over the MPN technique is that it
isolates discrete colonies of bacteria
115
what agar is used for membrane filtration technique
Endo agar or EMB
116
provide results on bacterial count within 24 hours unlike the MPN technique that takes several days to conclude.
membrane filtration technique
117
goals of testing are to detect possible drug resistance in common pathogens and to assure susceptibility to drugs of choice for particular infections
antimicrobial assay
118
method used for antimicrobial assay
broth microdilution disk diffusion gradient diffusion
119
MIC or zone diameter value used to categorize an organism as susceptible, susceptible-dose dependent, intermediate, nonsusceptible, or resistant.
breakpoint
120
category derived from microbiology characteristics, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics parameters, and clinical outcome data, when available
interpretive category
121
–breakpoint that implies that isolates with an MIC at or below; or zone diameters at or above the susceptible breakpoint inhibited by the usually achievable concentrations of antimicrobial agent when the dosage recommended to treat the site of infection is used, resulting in likely clinical efficacy.
susceptible
122
breakpoint that implies that susceptibility of an isolate is dependent on the dosing regimen that is used in the patient. I
suceptible-dose dependent
123
–breakpoint that includes isolates with MICs or zone diameters within the intermediate range
intermediate
124
breakpoint that implies that isolates with an MIC at or above or zone diameters at or below the resistant breakpoint
resistant