Cellular Respiration (Handout) Flashcards
s a cellular process used by cells to extract energy from nutrients it takes in.
cellular respiration
This energy is used by cells and the living systems at large, to maintain its organization and decrease ___ or disorderliness
entropy
all forms of energy will be degraded to heat eventually, which happens when organism die.
second law of thermodynamics
Among these molecules, the biggest amount of energy extracted comes from ___, making this molecule the primary source of cellular energy
glucose
molecule the primary source of cellular energy
glucose
Take note that these molecules that enter the cells to be used for metabolism are products of ___
digestion
kind of respiration that is favored because of the vast amount of energy that can be produced
aerobic respiration
convenient energy carrier
ATP
molecule has “high-energy” and unstable bonds
ATP
energy in organic molecules is extracted when they transfer 2 hydrogen atoms (composed of 2 electrons and 2 protons) to a coenzyme NAD+
oxidation
It is also known as oxidative phosphorylation owing to the oxidation-reduction that follows along the electron transport chain.
electron transport level phosphorylation
is generated when electrons from the carriers (e.g. NADH) are carried forward and tossed to the ETC simultaneous with the transport of H+ to the other side of the membrane
ATP
The energy of the electrons, therefore, is intended to move more H+ ions to the other side of the membrane to build a
concentration gradient
The last to receive the de-energized electrons is ___
oxygen
The last to receive the de-energized electrons is oxygen (hence, aerobic respiration), which then couples with
two hydrogen atoms to form water
allows the passive movement of the H+ concentration gradient, the energy of the flow is then used to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate
ATP synthase
In this mechanism, ATP is usually generated when a high-energy phosphate is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP
substrate level phosphorylation
This third mechanism happens in cells during photosynthesis’ light-dependent reactions
photophosphorylation
Light energy is absorbed by ___
chlorophyll
a light-trapping pigment in photosynthetic cells.
chlorophyll
The energy then excites some of the molecules’ electrons, making it jump to the first of the series of ___proteins, an electron transport chain similar to that in respiration
carrier
The energy of the ___is then used by ETC to pass along protons (H+), and these then are allowed to flow back in photophosphorylation
electrons
involves a pathway for the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water
cell respiration
three major steps of cell respiration
glycolysis
krebs cycle
etc
in glycolysis is very important especially when oxygen becomes in short supply e.g. in our muscle cells
SLP
cells that rely on glycolysis during rapid contraction, and oxygen delivery to tissues cannot supply the requirement of ETLP.
muscle
by-product accumulates in the tissues and is later metabolized in the liver.
lactic acid
, lactic acid as a by-product accumulates in the tissues and is later metabolized in the
liver
what kind of breathing after a heavy activity repays the oxygen debt that occurred
rapid breathing
In Step II, the preparatory step converts the pyruvate into
acetyl coA
___ is the entry source of energy in this process
glucose
intercovertible products of energy investment phase
DHAP
PGAL
step 1 of glycolysis is the ___ of glucose to initiate glycolysis
phosphorylation
step 4 and 5 of glycolysis is the splitting of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to ___ and ___
DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate)
GP (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
step 6 of glycolysis is the __ of 2,3-compounds into 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid
oxidation
step 6 of glycolysis is the __ of 2 NAD+ into NADH+ 2H+
reduction
series of biochemical reactions that releases large amount of potential chemical energy in acetyl CoA in step by step manner
krebs cycle
Also note that in this cycle, the intermediates are recycled
krebs cytcle
, pyruvic acid, the product of glycolysis, is first converted to what in krebs
acetyl
pyruvic loses a carbon molecule through the process called
decarboxylation
major outcomes for krebs
a. Release of 2 more CO2 molecules by decarboxylation.
b. Oxidation-reduction reactions to transfer electron to the carriers.
c. Substrate-level phosphorylation.
The gas is carried by the ___to the lungs and is liberated to the atmosphere through exhalation.
blood
The gas is carried by the blood to the ___ and is liberated to the atmosphere through exhalation.
lungs
The gas is carried by the blood to the lungs and is liberated to the atmosphere through ___.
exhalation
NADHs from the previous steps are carried forward and tossed to the ETC while simultaneously transporting H+ to the other side of the membrane using the energy of the ____
electrons
complex 1 carriers
FMN
Fe-S
between complex 1 and 2 what carrier
Q
where does FADH2 tosses its electrons
Q
complex 2 carrier
Cyt b
Fe-S
cyt c1
carrier between complex 2 and 3
cyt c
complex 3 carriers
Cu
Cyt a
Cyt a3
