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General Microbiology > Cellular Respiration (Handout) > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration (Handout) Flashcards

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1
Q

s a cellular process used by cells to extract energy from nutrients it takes in.

A

cellular respiration

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2
Q

This energy is used by cells and the living systems at large, to maintain its organization and decrease ___ or disorderliness

A

entropy

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3
Q

all forms of energy will be degraded to heat eventually, which happens when organism die.

A

second law of thermodynamics

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4
Q

Among these molecules, the biggest amount of energy extracted comes from ___, making this molecule the primary source of cellular energy

A

glucose

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5
Q

molecule the primary source of cellular energy

A

glucose

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6
Q

Take note that these molecules that enter the cells to be used for metabolism are products of ___

A

digestion

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7
Q

kind of respiration that is favored because of the vast amount of energy that can be produced

A

aerobic respiration

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8
Q

convenient energy carrier

A

ATP

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9
Q

molecule has “high-energy” and unstable bonds

A

ATP

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10
Q

energy in organic molecules is extracted when they transfer 2 hydrogen atoms (composed of 2 electrons and 2 protons) to a coenzyme NAD+

A

oxidation

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11
Q

It is also known as oxidative phosphorylation owing to the oxidation-reduction that follows along the electron transport chain.

A

electron transport level phosphorylation

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12
Q

is generated when electrons from the carriers (e.g. NADH) are carried forward and tossed to the ETC simultaneous with the transport of H+ to the other side of the membrane

A

ATP

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13
Q

The energy of the electrons, therefore, is intended to move more H+ ions to the other side of the membrane to build a

A

concentration gradient

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14
Q

The last to receive the de-energized electrons is ___

A

oxygen

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15
Q

The last to receive the de-energized electrons is oxygen (hence, aerobic respiration), which then couples with

A

two hydrogen atoms to form water

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16
Q

allows the passive movement of the H+ concentration gradient, the energy of the flow is then used to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate

A

ATP synthase

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17
Q

In this mechanism, ATP is usually generated when a high-energy phosphate is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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18
Q

This third mechanism happens in cells during photosynthesis’ light-dependent reactions

A

photophosphorylation

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19
Q

Light energy is absorbed by ___

A

chlorophyll

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20
Q

a light-trapping pigment in photosynthetic cells.

A

chlorophyll

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21
Q

The energy then excites some of the molecules’ electrons, making it jump to the first of the series of ___proteins, an electron transport chain similar to that in respiration

A

carrier

22
Q

The energy of the ___is then used by ETC to pass along protons (H+), and these then are allowed to flow back in photophosphorylation

A

electrons

23
Q

involves a pathway for the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water

A

cell respiration

24
Q

three major steps of cell respiration

A

glycolysis
krebs cycle
etc

25
Q

in glycolysis is very important especially when oxygen becomes in short supply e.g. in our muscle cells

A

SLP

26
Q

cells that rely on glycolysis during rapid contraction, and oxygen delivery to tissues cannot supply the requirement of ETLP.

A

muscle

27
Q

by-product accumulates in the tissues and is later metabolized in the liver.

A

lactic acid

28
Q

, lactic acid as a by-product accumulates in the tissues and is later metabolized in the

A

liver

29
Q

what kind of breathing after a heavy activity repays the oxygen debt that occurred

A

rapid breathing

30
Q

In Step II, the preparatory step converts the pyruvate into

A

acetyl coA

31
Q

___ is the entry source of energy in this process

A

glucose

32
Q

intercovertible products of energy investment phase

A

DHAP
PGAL

33
Q

step 1 of glycolysis is the ___ of glucose to initiate glycolysis

A

phosphorylation

34
Q

step 4 and 5 of glycolysis is the splitting of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to ___ and ___

A

DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate)
GP (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

35
Q

step 6 of glycolysis is the __ of 2,3-compounds into 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid

A

oxidation

36
Q

step 6 of glycolysis is the __ of 2 NAD+ into NADH+ 2H+

A

reduction

37
Q

series of biochemical reactions that releases large amount of potential chemical energy in acetyl CoA in step by step manner

A

krebs cycle

38
Q

Also note that in this cycle, the intermediates are recycled

A

krebs cytcle

39
Q

, pyruvic acid, the product of glycolysis, is first converted to what in krebs

A

acetyl

40
Q

pyruvic loses a carbon molecule through the process called

A

decarboxylation

41
Q

major outcomes for krebs

A

a. Release of 2 more CO2 molecules by decarboxylation.
b. Oxidation-reduction reactions to transfer electron to the carriers.
c. Substrate-level phosphorylation.

42
Q

The gas is carried by the ___to the lungs and is liberated to the atmosphere through exhalation.

A

blood

43
Q

The gas is carried by the blood to the ___ and is liberated to the atmosphere through exhalation.

A

lungs

44
Q

The gas is carried by the blood to the lungs and is liberated to the atmosphere through ___.

A

exhalation

45
Q

NADHs from the previous steps are carried forward and tossed to the ETC while simultaneously transporting H+ to the other side of the membrane using the energy of the ____

A

electrons

46
Q

complex 1 carriers

A

FMN
Fe-S

47
Q

between complex 1 and 2 what carrier

A

Q

48
Q

where does FADH2 tosses its electrons

A

Q

49
Q

complex 2 carrier

A

Cyt b
Fe-S
cyt c1

50
Q

carrier between complex 2 and 3

A

cyt c

51
Q

complex 3 carriers

A

Cu
Cyt a
Cyt a3

General Microbiology (25 decks)

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