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1. HLTH 108 > Spinal cord, spinal nerves and ANS > Flashcards

Spinal cord, spinal nerves and ANS Flashcards

1
Q

general features/ extends to: spinal cord

A
  • cylindrical, flattened antero-posteriorly
  • extends to L2 (adult) and L3-4 (newborn)
  • ends: conus medularis -> filum terminale extends (extension of pia mater)
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2
Q

spinal cord: enlargements and nerves form

A

lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves = cauda equina

cervical (C4-T1)
lumbar (T9-T12)

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3
Q

grooves of spinal cord:

A

anterior median fissure

posterior median suclus

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4
Q

spinal cord: grey matter

A

butterfly shaped: grey commissure connects two sides of grey matter
- sensory and motor nuclei (central canal)

anterior grey horn: somatic motor nuscle

posterior grey horn: cell bodies/ axons of interneurons/ axons of sensory neurons

lateral grey horn: autonomic motor nuclei (in thoracic, upper lumbar and sacral regions)

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5
Q

spinal cord: white matter

A

anterior, posterior and lateral white columns contain ascending sensory, descending motor tracts

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6
Q

spinal nerve: general features

A

31 pairs

  • emerge from spinal segments
  • pass through invertebral formamina
  • all mixed
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7
Q

list pairs of spinal nerves in each region:

A 
cervical (8)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (1)
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8
Q

connective tissue surrounding: nerve fiber

A

endoneurium

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9
Q

connective tissue surrounding: fasciculi

A

perineurium

- group of nerve fibres

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10
Q

connective tissue surrounding: nerve

A

epineurium

- 50% of nerve, contains blood vessels and lymphatics

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11
Q

spinal nerves arise as:

A

anterior (axons of multipolar motor neurons) and posterior (sensory unipolar neurons) rootlets

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12
Q

rootlets converge to form:

A

anterior/ posterior roots (posterior root ganglion- contains cell bodies of sensory neurons)

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13
Q

roots converge to formr;

A

spinal nerve trunk (mixed)

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14
Q

spinal nerve trunk divides into:

A

anterior/ posterior ramus

and no. of smaller branches (meningeal branches, rami communicantes)

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15
Q

posterior ramus:

A

deep muscles and skin of posterior surface of trunk

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16
Q

anterior ramus:

A

limbs and skin and muscles of lateral and anterior trunk

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17
Q

list general flow of spinal nerve:

A

ant/post rootlets -> ant/post roots -> mixed spinal nerve trunk -> ant/post ramus and smaller branches

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18
Q

define/ list all spinal plexuses:

A

network of axons made by anterior rami of spinal nerves

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

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19
Q

plexus general features: cervical

A

roots and nerves loopy

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20
Q

plexus general features: brachial

A

roots, trunks, anterior/ posterior division, cords, branches

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21
Q

plexus general features: lumbar

A

roots, anterior/ posterior division

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22
Q

plexus general features: sacral

A

roots, anterior/ posterior division

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23
Q

intercostal nerves:

A

do not form plexus (T2-T12)

24
Q

define dermatome:

A

area of skin provides sensory input to CNS via spinal/cranial nerves

25
Q

white matter tracts: function

A

sensory and motor nerve impulse propagation

26
Q

grey matter: function

A

integration of incoming and outcoming information

27
Q

spinal cord injury: quardraplegia

A

C4, C6 injury

28
Q

spinal cord injury: paraplegia

A

T6, L1 injury

29
Q

define reflex:

A

fast involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions

- response to particular stimulus (cranial/ spinal) somatic and autonomic

30
Q

Autonomic sensory neurons: features

A

mainly from interoceptors, signals not consciously percieved

31
Q

autonomic motor neurons: features

A

regulate visceral activities by increasing/decreasing their activities- cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

32
Q

motor neuron pathway::

A

usually 2-neuron, preganglionic neurons (from CNS) synapse with postganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion/ or adrenal medulla

33
Q

neurotransmitters in ANS:

A

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinerphrine

34
Q

motor part of ANS:

A

sympathetic division: stimulate organs to increase activity- fight or flight

parasympathetic-decrease acitivity (?) digest or rest

35
Q

preganglionic neuron: general path

A

nucleus in brain/ spinal cord exits CNS via cranial/ spinal nerve -> autonomic ganglion -> postganglionic nerve

36
Q

preganglionic neuron: symphathetic

A

cell bodies in lateral grey horn in 12 thoracic and first 2 lumbar segments of spinal cord

37
Q

preganglionic neuron: parasympathetic

A

cell bodies in nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)
- lateral grey horn of 2-4th sacral segments of spinal cord

38
Q

autonomic ganglia: features

A

sites of synapse btw pre/postganglionic neurons

39
Q

autonomic ganglia: sympathetic

A

sympathetic trunk (vertebral chain/ paravertebral) ganglia, side of vertebral c.: organs superior to diaphragm

prevertebral (collateral) ganglia anterior to v.c: organs inferior to diaphragm

40
Q

autonomic ganglia: parasympathetic ganglia

A

terminal ganglia close or within visceral organs

41
Q

autonomic plexuses:

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

preganglionic nerves, form networks in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, located around major arteries

42
Q

postganglionic neurons: general features

A

end in numerous swellings- variscosities innervating large area

43
Q

postganglionic neurons: sympathetic

A

preganglionic nerve synapses in first sympathetic ganglion, upper or lower g. or continues to prevertebral g. or to adrenal medulla: synapse with 20+ postganglionic neurons

44
Q

postganglionic neurons: parasympathetic

A

terminal ganglia, synapse with 4-5 postganglionic nerves

45
Q

general flow of sympathetic division:

A

preganglion nerves pass through ant. roots of spinal nerves -> white rami communicantes -> sympathetic trunk ganglion -> synapse in 1st ganglion OR continue to infer/superior ganglia forming sympathetic chains OR continue to prevertebral ganglion -> splanchnic nerve

46
Q

sympathetic division: grey rami communicantes

A

postganglionic axons connecting to spinal nerves

47
Q

parasympathetic division: cranial outflow

A

form cranial nerve, 4 pairs of ganglia and plexus associated with vagus nerve

48
Q

parasympathetic division: sacral outflow

A

through anterior rami of S2-S4, form pelvis splanchnic nerves

49
Q

enteric division: and plexuses

A

specialised network of nerves and ganglia with the wall of GIT, pancreas and gallbladder

myenteric submucosal plexus

50
Q

autonomic reflex: flow

A

receptor -> sensory nerve -> integrating centre -> motor neuron -> effector

51
Q

control and integration:

A

lower regions of the brain and spinal cord, major control and integration centre - hypothalamus

52
Q

compare ANS/ SNS: sensory input

A

SNS: special/ somatic senses

ANS: mainly from interoreceptors, some: special/somatic senses

53
Q

compare ANS/ SNS: control of motor output

A

SNS: voluntary control from cerebral cortex, with cont. from basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord

ANS: involuntary control from limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord, limited control from brain stem, cerebral cortex

54
Q

compare ANS/ SNS: motor neuron pathway

A

SNS: 1 neuron pathway- somatic motor neurons extending from CNS synapse directly with effector

ANS: usually 2 neuron pathway- preganglionic neurons from CNS synapse with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglion, postganglionic neurons extending from ganglion synapse with visceral effector. OR preganglionic neurons may extend from CNS to synapse with cells of adrenal medullae

55
Q

compare ANS/ SNS: neurotransmitters and hormones

A

SNS: all somatic motor neurons release ACh

ANS:

  • all preganglionic axons release acetylcholine (ACh),
  • most sympathetic postganglionic neurons: norepinephrine (NE)
  • all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release ACh, most sweat glands ACh
  • adrenal medullae release epinephrine/ norepinephrine
56
Q

compare ANS/ SNS: effectors

A

SNS: skeletal muscle

ANS: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

57
Q

compare ANS/ SNS: responses

A

SNS: contraction of skeletal muscle

ANS: contraction/ relaxation of smooth muscle, increase/decrease rate and force of contraction of cardiac muscle, increase/decrease secretions of glands

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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