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1. HLTH 108 > Spinal cord, spinal nerves and ANS > Flashcards

Spinal cord, spinal nerves and ANS Flashcards

1
Q

general features/ extends to: spinal cord

A
  • cylindrical, flattened antero-posteriorly
  • extends to L2 (adult) and L3-4 (newborn)
  • ends: conus medularis -> filum terminale extends (extension of pia mater)
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2
Q

spinal cord: enlargements and nerves form

A

lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves = cauda equina

cervical (C4-T1)
lumbar (T9-T12)

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3
Q

grooves of spinal cord:

A

anterior median fissure

posterior median suclus

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4
Q

spinal cord: grey matter

A

butterfly shaped: grey commissure connects two sides of grey matter
- sensory and motor nuclei (central canal)

anterior grey horn: somatic motor nuscle

posterior grey horn: cell bodies/ axons of interneurons/ axons of sensory neurons

lateral grey horn: autonomic motor nuclei (in thoracic, upper lumbar and sacral regions)

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5
Q

spinal cord: white matter

A

anterior, posterior and lateral white columns contain ascending sensory, descending motor tracts

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6
Q

spinal nerve: general features

A

31 pairs

  • emerge from spinal segments
  • pass through invertebral formamina
  • all mixed
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7
Q

list pairs of spinal nerves in each region:

A 
cervical (8)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (1)
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8
Q

connective tissue surrounding: nerve fiber

A

endoneurium

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9
Q

connective tissue surrounding: fasciculi

A

perineurium

- group of nerve fibres

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10
Q

connective tissue surrounding: nerve

A

epineurium

- 50% of nerve, contains blood vessels and lymphatics

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11
Q

spinal nerves arise as:

A

anterior (axons of multipolar motor neurons) and posterior (sensory unipolar neurons) rootlets

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12
Q

rootlets converge to form:

A

anterior/ posterior roots (posterior root ganglion- contains cell bodies of sensory neurons)

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13
Q

roots converge to formr;

A

spinal nerve trunk (mixed)

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14
Q

spinal nerve trunk divides into:

A

anterior/ posterior ramus

and no. of smaller branches (meningeal branches, rami communicantes)

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15
Q

posterior ramus:

A

deep muscles and skin of posterior surface of trunk

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16
Q

anterior ramus:

A

limbs and skin and muscles of lateral and anterior trunk

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17
Q

list general flow of spinal nerve:

A

ant/post rootlets -> ant/post roots -> mixed spinal nerve trunk -> ant/post ramus and smaller branches

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18
Q

define/ list all spinal plexuses:

A

network of axons made by anterior rami of spinal nerves

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

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19
Q

plexus general features: cervical

A

roots and nerves loopy

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20
Q

plexus general features: brachial

A

roots, trunks, anterior/ posterior division, cords, branches

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21
Q

plexus general features: lumbar

A

roots, anterior/ posterior division

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22
Q

plexus general features: sacral

A

roots, anterior/ posterior division

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23
Q

intercostal nerves:

A

do not form plexus (T2-T12)

24
Q

define dermatome:

A

area of skin provides sensory input to CNS via spinal/cranial nerves

25
white matter tracts: function
sensory and motor nerve impulse propagation
26
grey matter: function
integration of incoming and outcoming information
27
spinal cord injury: quardraplegia
C4, C6 injury
28
spinal cord injury: paraplegia
T6, L1 injury
29
define reflex:
fast involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions | - response to particular stimulus (cranial/ spinal) somatic and autonomic
30
Autonomic sensory neurons: features
mainly from interoceptors, signals not consciously percieved
31
autonomic motor neurons: features
regulate visceral activities by increasing/decreasing their activities- cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
32
motor neuron pathway::
usually 2-neuron, preganglionic neurons (from CNS) synapse with postganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion/ or adrenal medulla
33
neurotransmitters in ANS:
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinerphrine
34
motor part of ANS:
sympathetic division: stimulate organs to increase activity- fight or flight parasympathetic-decrease acitivity (?) digest or rest
35
preganglionic neuron: general path
nucleus in brain/ spinal cord exits CNS via cranial/ spinal nerve -> autonomic ganglion -> postganglionic nerve
36
preganglionic neuron: symphathetic
cell bodies in lateral grey horn in 12 thoracic and first 2 lumbar segments of spinal cord
37
preganglionic neuron: parasympathetic
cell bodies in nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus) - lateral grey horn of 2-4th sacral segments of spinal cord
38
autonomic ganglia: features
sites of synapse btw pre/postganglionic neurons
39
autonomic ganglia: sympathetic
sympathetic trunk (vertebral chain/ paravertebral) ganglia, side of vertebral c.: organs superior to diaphragm prevertebral (collateral) ganglia anterior to v.c: organs inferior to diaphragm
40
autonomic ganglia: parasympathetic ganglia
terminal ganglia close or within visceral organs
41
autonomic plexuses:
sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic nerves, form networks in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, located around major arteries
42
postganglionic neurons: general features
end in numerous swellings- variscosities innervating large area
43
postganglionic neurons: sympathetic
preganglionic nerve synapses in first sympathetic ganglion, upper or lower g. or continues to prevertebral g. or to adrenal medulla: synapse with 20+ postganglionic neurons
44
postganglionic neurons: parasympathetic
terminal ganglia, synapse with 4-5 postganglionic nerves
45
general flow of sympathetic division:
preganglion nerves pass through ant. roots of spinal nerves -> white rami communicantes -> sympathetic trunk ganglion -> synapse in 1st ganglion OR continue to infer/superior ganglia forming sympathetic chains OR continue to prevertebral ganglion -> splanchnic nerve
46
sympathetic division: grey rami communicantes
postganglionic axons connecting to spinal nerves
47
parasympathetic division: cranial outflow
form cranial nerve, 4 pairs of ganglia and plexus associated with vagus nerve
48
parasympathetic division: sacral outflow
through anterior rami of S2-S4, form pelvis splanchnic nerves
49
enteric division: and plexuses
specialised network of nerves and ganglia with the wall of GIT, pancreas and gallbladder myenteric submucosal plexus
50
autonomic reflex: flow
receptor -> sensory nerve -> integrating centre -> motor neuron -> effector
51
control and integration:
lower regions of the brain and spinal cord, major control and integration centre - hypothalamus
52
compare ANS/ SNS: sensory input
SNS: special/ somatic senses ANS: mainly from interoreceptors, some: special/somatic senses
53
compare ANS/ SNS: control of motor output
SNS: voluntary control from cerebral cortex, with cont. from basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord ANS: involuntary control from limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord, limited control from brain stem, cerebral cortex
54
compare ANS/ SNS: motor neuron pathway
SNS: 1 neuron pathway- somatic motor neurons extending from CNS synapse directly with effector ANS: usually 2 neuron pathway- preganglionic neurons from CNS synapse with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglion, postganglionic neurons extending from ganglion synapse with visceral effector. OR preganglionic neurons may extend from CNS to synapse with cells of adrenal medullae
55
compare ANS/ SNS: neurotransmitters and hormones
SNS: all somatic motor neurons release ACh ANS: - all preganglionic axons release acetylcholine (ACh), - most sympathetic postganglionic neurons: norepinephrine (NE) - all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release ACh, most sweat glands ACh - adrenal medullae release epinephrine/ norepinephrine
56
compare ANS/ SNS: effectors
SNS: skeletal muscle ANS: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
57
compare ANS/ SNS: responses
SNS: contraction of skeletal muscle ANS: contraction/ relaxation of smooth muscle, increase/decrease rate and force of contraction of cardiac muscle, increase/decrease secretions of glands

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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