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1. HLTH 108 > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

define senses:

A

physiological capacities within organisms that provide inputs for perception

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2
Q

list traditional senses:

A

sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste

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3
Q

define exteroceptive senses and eg:

A

specialised organs devoted to the sense

  • olfaction (smell)
  • gustation (taste)
  • vision (sight)
  • audition (hearing)
  • equilibrioception (balance)
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4
Q

list special visceral afferents

A

olfaction, gustation

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5
Q

list special somatic afferents

A

vision, audition, equilibrioception

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6
Q

special sensory receptors: cold stimulus

A
  • unipolar neuron

- free nerve ending of dendrites

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7
Q

special sensory receptors: pressure stimulus

A
  • unipolar neuron
  • encapsulated nerve ending
  • protect nerve
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8
Q

special sensory receptors: sugar molcule

A

taste receptor synapses with unipolar neuron

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9
Q

list olfactory cells:

A
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
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10
Q

olfactory receptor cell features:

A
  • bipolar neurons with cilia projecting from dendrite

- respond to chemical stimulation of odorant molecule

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11
Q

olfactory epithelium: supporting and basal cells features

A

support: support and nourishment
basal: stem cells which replace olfactory receptors

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12
Q

where is olfactory epithelium found:

A

upper nasal cavity: superior nasal conchae, upper septum

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13
Q

olfactory pathway:

A

scent -> olfactory epithelium -> dissolves -> moves upwards through ethmoid bone -> olfactory bulb -> neuron -> olfactory tract -> olf nerve -> brain -> synapse in different places (limbic system) such as memory

  • frontal lobe for odour identification
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14
Q

gustation: traditional types of taste and features

A
  • bitterness: contains N and alkaloids
  • saltiness (Na, K, Li)
  • sweet (sugars, glycols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, some amino acids)
  • umami (glutamic acid)
  • sourness (acids, H)
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15
Q

taste buds: list epithelial cells

A
  • gustatory receptor cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
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16
Q

general features of gustatory receptor cell:

A

each GRC has gustatory hair, projects through taste pore (lil ditch)

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17
Q

list 4 types of papillae

A

circumvallate, foliate, fungiform, filiform

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18
Q

circumvallate and foliate papillae features:

A

circumvallate:

  • in V shaped row back of tongue
  • 100-300 taste buds each

foliate:
- small trenches side of tongue
- degenerate in childhood

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19
Q

fungifom and filiform papillae features:

A

fungiform:

  • scattered all over
  • 5 taste buds each

filiform:

  • tactile receptors
  • no taste buds
  • hot cold sensation
20
Q

gustatory pathway:

A
  • anterior 2/3 of tongue: facial nerve (taste)
  • posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal nerve
  • anterior 2/3 tongue: trigeminal (taste sensation)
21
Q

components of middle ear:

A
  • tympanic membrane

ossicles:

  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
22
Q

components of inner ear;

A
  • cochlea
  • round and oval window
  • vestibular
23
Q

components of outer ear:

A
  • auricle

- external auditory canal

24
Q

audition features:

A
  • passage of vibrational energy from one medium (air) to another (perilymph) in cochlear
  • converts mechanical energy -> electrical energy (action potentials)
  • transduction: chemical/physical signal which is transmitted through a cell
  • these action potentials are to be interpreted in the brain
25
Q

auditory pathway:

A

sound stimulus -> tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> oval window: perilymph -> vibrates Organ of Corti -> tectorial membrane -> cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear -> brain -> auditory area, cerebral cortex

  • for reflex to loud sound
26
Q

ear muscle features:

A

tensor tympani muscle and stapedius muscle

- help absorb excess loud sounds -> prevent damage

27
Q

equilibrioception: features

A

sense of balance or vestibular sense

  • allows organism to sense body movement, direction, acceleration
  • attain and maintain postural equilibrium and balance
28
Q

vestibule: features

A

macula: incl saccule and utricle
- hairs cells located in maculae
- detect linear motion

static equilibrium:
- maintenance of body position relative to force of gravity

29
Q

inside macula:

A

gravity pushes the statoconia crystals (gelatinous like) onto the hair cells -> sensory neuron

30
Q

semicircular canal: features

A
  • anterior, posterior and lateral/horizontal canal
  • hair cells in crista ampullaris
  • detect angular acceleration in 3 planes
31
Q

crista amupullaris:

A
  • widest bit at end of semicircular canals
  • filled with endolymph
  • bends cupula with hair cells inside to detect motion
  • hair cell -> neurons -> nerves -> brain via vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve
  • also to accessory nerve (con. to trapezius for posture)
32
Q

list main parts of eye and associated structures:

A
  • accessory structures of eye
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • extrinsic eye muscles
  • conjunctiva
  • eyeball
33
Q

accessory structures around eye:

A
  • eye brow
  • eyelids (palpabrae), eye lashes
  • lateral commissure/ angle (outer corner)
  • medial commissure (inner corner)
  • lacrimal caruncle (tear duct- sebaceous and sweat glands)
34
Q

lacrimal apparatus: features

A

lacrimal fluid:
- water, salts, mucus, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, enzymes

flow of tears:
lacrimal gland -> excretory lacrimal ducts -> sup/inf lacrimal canal -> lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct -> nasal cavity

35
Q

extrinsic eye muscles:

A

(LR6SO4)3

  • medial, lateral rectus (straight) muscle
  • superior, inferior rectus muscle
  • superior/inferior oblique muscle
36
Q

3 layers of eyeball:

A
  • fibrous tunic
  • vascular tunic (uvea)
  • retina
37
Q

fibrous tunic layer:

A
  • outer layer (white)
  • sclera
  • cornea
38
Q

vascular tunic layer

A
  • middle layer (blue)
  • choroid
  • ciliary body
  • iris
  • contains melanin
39
Q

retina layer:

A
  • inner layer (red)
  • photoreceptors
  • interprets light
40
Q

iris and pupil features:

A

bright light:
- circular muscles contract iris (parasympathetic) -> pupil constricts (hole)

dim light:
- radial muscles contract iris (sympathetic) -> pupil dilates

41
Q

ciliary body and lens: features

A
  • lens attached to ciliary muscles via zonules (inelastic ligaments)
  • ciliary muscle relax -> ligaments pull and flatten lens (see far)
  • ciliary muscle contracts -> ligaments relax tension and round lens (see close up)
42
Q

to see close objects:

A

light rays aren’t parallel -> lens needs to be round to diverge image to correct position onto retina

43
Q

general parts in retina:

A
  • optic nerve

- macula (fovea inside)

44
Q

fovea: features and light pathway

A

most visual acuity (high conc. of colour photoreceptors)

light from cornea -> fovea where neurons are pushed aside -> light directly hits rods/cones -> optic nerve -> brain

45
Q

features: rods and cones

A
  • named after outer segment shape

outer:
- photopigments (discs)
- transduction of light energy -> receptor potentials occurs here

inner:

  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • golgi complex
46
Q

colour blindness eg:

A
  • can’t distinguish btw certain colours
  • due to absence of one of 3 colour cones
  • most common is red-green colour blindness
47
Q

visual pathway:

A

optic nerve -> optic chiasm (where it can either cross hemisphere or stay on same side) -> optic tract -> thalamus -> visual cortex

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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