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1. HLTH 108 > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

define senses:

A

physiological capacities within organisms that provide inputs for perception

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2
Q

list traditional senses:

A

sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste

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3
Q

define exteroceptive senses and eg:

A

specialised organs devoted to the sense

  • olfaction (smell)
  • gustation (taste)
  • vision (sight)
  • audition (hearing)
  • equilibrioception (balance)
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4
Q

list special visceral afferents

A

olfaction, gustation

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5
Q

list special somatic afferents

A

vision, audition, equilibrioception

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6
Q

special sensory receptors: cold stimulus

A
  • unipolar neuron

- free nerve ending of dendrites

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7
Q

special sensory receptors: pressure stimulus

A
  • unipolar neuron
  • encapsulated nerve ending
  • protect nerve
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8
Q

special sensory receptors: sugar molcule

A

taste receptor synapses with unipolar neuron

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9
Q

list olfactory cells:

A
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
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10
Q

olfactory receptor cell features:

A
  • bipolar neurons with cilia projecting from dendrite

- respond to chemical stimulation of odorant molecule

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11
Q

olfactory epithelium: supporting and basal cells features

A

support: support and nourishment
basal: stem cells which replace olfactory receptors

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12
Q

where is olfactory epithelium found:

A

upper nasal cavity: superior nasal conchae, upper septum

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13
Q

olfactory pathway:

A

scent -> olfactory epithelium -> dissolves -> moves upwards through ethmoid bone -> olfactory bulb -> neuron -> olfactory tract -> olf nerve -> brain -> synapse in different places (limbic system) such as memory

  • frontal lobe for odour identification
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14
Q

gustation: traditional types of taste and features

A
  • bitterness: contains N and alkaloids
  • saltiness (Na, K, Li)
  • sweet (sugars, glycols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, some amino acids)
  • umami (glutamic acid)
  • sourness (acids, H)
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15
Q

taste buds: list epithelial cells

A
  • gustatory receptor cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
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16
Q

general features of gustatory receptor cell:

A

each GRC has gustatory hair, projects through taste pore (lil ditch)

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17
Q

list 4 types of papillae

A

circumvallate, foliate, fungiform, filiform

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18
Q

circumvallate and foliate papillae features:

A

circumvallate:

  • in V shaped row back of tongue
  • 100-300 taste buds each

foliate:
- small trenches side of tongue
- degenerate in childhood

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19
Q

fungifom and filiform papillae features:

A

fungiform:

  • scattered all over
  • 5 taste buds each

filiform:

  • tactile receptors
  • no taste buds
  • hot cold sensation
20
Q

gustatory pathway:

A
  • anterior 2/3 of tongue: facial nerve (taste)
  • posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal nerve
  • anterior 2/3 tongue: trigeminal (taste sensation)
21
Q

components of middle ear:

A
  • tympanic membrane

ossicles:

  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
22
Q

components of inner ear;

A
  • cochlea
  • round and oval window
  • vestibular
23
Q

components of outer ear:

A
  • auricle

- external auditory canal

24
Q

audition features:

A
  • passage of vibrational energy from one medium (air) to another (perilymph) in cochlear
  • converts mechanical energy -> electrical energy (action potentials)
  • transduction: chemical/physical signal which is transmitted through a cell
  • these action potentials are to be interpreted in the brain
25
auditory pathway:
sound stimulus -> tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> oval window: perilymph -> vibrates Organ of Corti -> tectorial membrane -> cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear -> brain -> auditory area, cerebral cortex - for reflex to loud sound
26
ear muscle features:
tensor tympani muscle and stapedius muscle | - help absorb excess loud sounds -> prevent damage
27
equilibrioception: features
sense of balance or vestibular sense - allows organism to sense body movement, direction, acceleration - attain and maintain postural equilibrium and balance
28
vestibule: features
macula: incl saccule and utricle - hairs cells located in maculae - detect linear motion static equilibrium: - maintenance of body position relative to force of gravity
29
inside macula:
gravity pushes the statoconia crystals (gelatinous like) onto the hair cells -> sensory neuron
30
semicircular canal: features
- anterior, posterior and lateral/horizontal canal - hair cells in crista ampullaris - detect angular acceleration in 3 planes
31
crista amupullaris:
- widest bit at end of semicircular canals - filled with endolymph - bends cupula with hair cells inside to detect motion - hair cell -> neurons -> nerves -> brain via vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve - also to accessory nerve (con. to trapezius for posture)
32
list main parts of eye and associated structures:
- accessory structures of eye - lacrimal apparatus - extrinsic eye muscles - conjunctiva - eyeball
33
accessory structures around eye:
- eye brow - eyelids (palpabrae), eye lashes - lateral commissure/ angle (outer corner) - medial commissure (inner corner) - lacrimal caruncle (tear duct- sebaceous and sweat glands)
34
lacrimal apparatus: features
lacrimal fluid: - water, salts, mucus, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, enzymes flow of tears: lacrimal gland -> excretory lacrimal ducts -> sup/inf lacrimal canal -> lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct -> nasal cavity
35
extrinsic eye muscles:
(LR6SO4)3 - medial, lateral rectus (straight) muscle - superior, inferior rectus muscle - superior/inferior oblique muscle
36
3 layers of eyeball:
- fibrous tunic - vascular tunic (uvea) - retina
37
fibrous tunic layer:
- outer layer (white) - sclera - cornea
38
vascular tunic layer
- middle layer (blue) - choroid - ciliary body - iris - contains melanin
39
retina layer:
- inner layer (red) - photoreceptors - interprets light
40
iris and pupil features:
bright light: - circular muscles contract iris (parasympathetic) -> pupil constricts (hole) dim light: - radial muscles contract iris (sympathetic) -> pupil dilates
41
ciliary body and lens: features
- lens attached to ciliary muscles via zonules (inelastic ligaments) - ciliary muscle relax -> ligaments pull and flatten lens (see far) - ciliary muscle contracts -> ligaments relax tension and round lens (see close up)
42
to see close objects:
light rays aren't parallel -> lens needs to be round to diverge image to correct position onto retina
43
general parts in retina:
- optic nerve | - macula (fovea inside)
44
fovea: features and light pathway
most visual acuity (high conc. of colour photoreceptors) light from cornea -> fovea where neurons are pushed aside -> light directly hits rods/cones -> optic nerve -> brain
45
features: rods and cones
- named after outer segment shape outer: - photopigments (discs) - transduction of light energy -> receptor potentials occurs here inner: - nucleus - mitochondria - golgi complex
46
colour blindness eg:
- can't distinguish btw certain colours - due to absence of one of 3 colour cones - most common is red-green colour blindness
47
visual pathway:
optic nerve -> optic chiasm (where it can either cross hemisphere or stay on same side) -> optic tract -> thalamus -> visual cortex

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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