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1. HLTH 108 > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

define sex:

A

biological characteristics that define humans as female or male

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2
Q

define intersex:

A

people born with physical/ biological sex characteristics not fitting traditional male/female

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3
Q

general function of reproductive organs:

A
  • produce gametes
  • for fertilisation
  • females: growth of embryo and fetus
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4
Q

male reproductive organs: grouped based on function

A
  • gonads
  • ducts
  • accessory sex glands
  • supporting structures
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5
Q

male reproductive organs: gonads

A

testes

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6
Q

male reproductive organs: ducts

A
  • epididymis
  • ductus (vas) deferens
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • urethra
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7
Q

male reproductive organs: accessory sex glands

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate glands
  • bulbourethral glands
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8
Q

male reproductive organs: supporting structures

A

penis, scrotum

copulatory organs

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9
Q

scrotum: physical features

A
  • highly pigmented skin
  • highly vascular
  • scrotum internally divided - scrotal septum
  • externally divided- scrotal raphe
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10
Q

scrotum: name musculature

A

dartos muscle,

cremaster muscle

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11
Q

scrotum: dartos muscle

A
  • smooth muscle

- wrinkles/relaxes skin of scrotum

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12
Q

scrotum: cremaster muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle

- elevates/ lowers testes

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13
Q

testes: general features

A

oval paired glands

- produce sperm and hormonse

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14
Q

testes: covered by

A

serous covering: tunica vaginalis (extension of peritoneum)

fibrous capsule:
tunica albuginea (DICT)
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15
Q

testes: tunica albuginea

A

extends inwards, divides tested into lobules

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16
Q

testes: lobules contains, and pathway

A
  • contain 2-3 seminiferous tubules

rete testis-> efferent ducts -> ductus epidiymis

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17
Q

testes: seminiferous tubules features

A
  • produce sperm

- enveloped by loose ct rich in blood, lymphatic vessels, nerves

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18
Q

seminiferous tubules cell types: eg

A 
spermatogenic cells (form sperm)
- Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells- support, protection, nourishment)
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19
Q

Leydid cells:

A

found in btw seminiferous tubules ,

- produce testosterone

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20
Q

epididymis: features

A
  • located on posterior border of each testis
  • has head, body, tail
  • highly coiled tube, enveloped by smooth m. cells
  • Psudostratified columnar epithelium- stereocilia
  • site of sperm maturation -> acquire motility, ability to fertilise
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21
Q

epididymis: storage of sperm:

A
  • several months
  • phagocytised if not used
  • sperm propelled into ductus (vas) deferens during arousal: peristaltic movements of smooth m.
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22
Q

ductus deferens: features

A

continuation of duct of epididymis: conveys sperm to urethra, stores sperm

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23
Q

ductus deferens: ampulla

A
  • dilated terminal portion of ductus deferens

- ends: joining duct of seminal gland = ejaculatory duct (carries sperm to urethra)

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24
Q

ductus deferens: two layers and features

A

mucosa: PCE
muscularis: thick muscular wall, 3 layers of muscle -> firm cordlike

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25
Q

spermatic cord: features

A
  • supporting structures of male reproductive system

features:

  • ductus deferens
  • testicular artery
  • veins (pampiniform plexuses)
  • nerves
  • lymphatics
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26
Q

accessory sex glands: seminal vesicles features: location, secretions, %

A
  • located posterior to base of urinary bladder
  • secretes alkaline fluid, high in fructose (energy source for sperm, neutralise acidic env. male urethra, female reproductive tract)
  • secretes clotting agents too, mix with sperm-> no leaking out
  • 60% of semen
  • unites with ampulla (ductus deferens) = ejaculatory duct opening in prostatic urethra
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27
Q

accessory sex glands: prostate - location, secretion, features

A
  • inferior to urinary bladder
  • surrounds prostatic urethra

milky, slightly acidic secretion: (activates sperm)

  • citric acid (ATP)
  • protein digesting enzymes
  • 25% semen
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28
Q

prostate: cells

A
  • collection of tubuloacinar glands (cuboidal, p.columnar epithelium)
  • fibromuscular stroma
  • surrounded by fibroelastic capsule which penetrates through gland = septa
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29
Q

accessory sex glands: Bulbourethral gland

A
  • pea sized
  • inferior to prostate, lateral to membranous urethra
  • during arousal secrete ‘alkaline substance’ into urethra -> protect sperm from urine in urethra
  • secrete mucous to lubricate end of penis (lil damaged sperm during ejaculation)
30
Q

semen: features

A
  • sperm + seminal fluid
  • 2.5-5ml
  • coagulates after ejaculation
  • prostatic secretions (milky colour)
  • seminal vesicles + bulbourethral gland secretions (sticky)
  • antibiotics to kill bacteria
31
Q

penis: features

A
  • root, body (pendulous part), glans

- anatomical position: erect (flaccid: dorsum inferiorly)

32
Q

penis: body- name 3 cylindrical masses of tissue, covered by

A

covered by tunica albuginea

  • 2x corpora cavernosa
  • corpus spongiosum
33
Q

penis: corpora cavernosa

A
  • paired dorsolateral masses

- erectile cavernous tissue

34
Q

penis: corpus spongiosum

A
  • single ventral mass

- contains: cavernous erectile tissue, spongy (penile) urethra, expanded region: glans, prepuce (foreskin)

35
Q

penis: root

A
  • attached portion
  • bulb of penis (extended base of corpus spongiosum)
  • crura (extended portion of corpora cavernosa) -> attached to internal surface of ischial ramus
36
Q

female reproductive organs: name 3 groups

A
  • internal
  • external
  • mammary glands
37
Q

female reproductive organs: internal parts

A
  • ovaries
  • uterine (fallopian) tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
38
Q

female reproductive organs: external

A

-vulva

39
Q

ovaries: features

A
  • almond shaped glands
  • located lateral walls of lesser pelvis
  • produces gametes + hormones (oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin)
40
Q

name all ovarian ligaments:

A
  • mesovarium
  • broad ligament
  • ovarian ligament
  • suspensory ligament
  • round ligament
41
Q

ovarian ligaments: mesovarium, broad

A

mesovarium: subdivision of larger mesentery of uterus (broad lig)
broad: mesentery of uterus

42
Q

ovarian ligaments: ovarian, suspensory lig.

A

ovarian: tethers ovary to uterus
suspensory: continuous with mesovarium, ascends and attaches to pelvic wall

43
Q

ovarian ligaments: round lig

A

uterine horns, continues to labia fibres

- fibres spread and mix with tissues of mon pubis

44
Q

ovaries: covered by

A

germinal epithelium: covers surface of ovary (simple cuboidal/ squamous)

tunica albuginea (DICT)

45
Q

ovaries: two regions

A

cortex: ovarian follicles
medulla: blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels

46
Q

ovarian follicles:

A

oocytes in various stages of development surrounded by follicular/ granulosa cells (nourish, secrete oestrogen as follicle grows)

47
Q

mature follicle:

A

aka graafian

  • large fluid filled
  • ready for ovulation
48
Q

corpus luteum:

A

remnants of mature follicle after ovulation

  • maintains pregnancy
  • releases progesterone, oestrogen, relaxin, inhibin -> regressed c.l= corpus albicans
49
Q

uterine tubes: features

A

extends from uterus, open near ovaries

- transport secondary oocyte

50
Q

uterine tubes: divides into

A

infundibulum: funnel shaped (ends in fimbriae- fingers)
ampulla: longest, widest portion, usual place of fertilisation
isthmus: narrow region

51
Q

ovaries: surface covering and location

A
  • not covered by peritoneum,

- suspended in peritoneal cavity

52
Q

process of oocyte movement: ovulation

A
  • expelled into peritoneal cavity

- intraperitoneal life is short before trapped by fimbrae

53
Q

uterine tubes: wall layers

A
  • mucosa (simple ciliated columnar)
  • muscularis (inner thick circular, outer thin longitudinal layer of smooth m.)
  • serosa
54
Q

uterus: features

A
  • thick walled, pear shaped
  • on top of urinary bladder
  • neck (cervix) btw bladder and rectum
  • site of implantation, fetal development, menstrual flow
55
Q

uterus: reflexion fo peritoneum forms:

A

2 pouches

  • vesicouterine: bladder and uterus
  • rectouterine: (aka pouch of Douglas) uterus and rectum
56
Q

name uterus ligaments

A
  • broad
  • cardinal
  • round
  • uterosacral
57
Q

uterus: divided into

A

fundus: superior to isthmus of uterine tube
- body: btw layers of broad lig.
- cervix: cervical canal, internal/ external os

58
Q

uterus: wall layers

A
  • perimetrium/ serosa: peritoneum (simple squamous, areolar ct.)
  • myometrium: 3 layers of smooth m.
  • endometrium: (simple columnar) thick lamina propra, uterine glands,
    2 layers: stratum functionalis, stratum basalis
59
Q

ectopic pregnancy:

A

when fertilised oocyte implants outside uterus

60
Q

vagina: features

A
  • fibromuscular canal btw uterine cervix, and exterior of body
  • usually collapsed
  • receptacle for penis
  • menstrual flow, childbirth
61
Q

vagina: fornix

A

anterior, posterior, 2 lateral

- recess around cervix

62
Q

vagina: hymen

A

vascularised mucous membrane, partially closing vaginal orifice

63
Q

vagina: wall layers

A
  • muscosa (non-keratinised stratified squamous), rugae
    contains glycogen -> decomposes -> organic acids which retard microbial growth
  • muscularis (inner circular, outer longitudinal layers of smooth m.)
  • adventitia (areolar ct.)
64
Q

vulva: name features

A

external genitals:

  • mons pubis
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris
  • vestibule
65
Q

vulva: mons pubis, clitoris, vestibule

A

mons: (adipose tissue covered by skin)
clitoris: cylinder of erectile tissue, nerves
vestibule: region btw labia minora

66
Q

vulva: labia majora, labia minora

A

majora: (2 folds of skin covered in pubic hair) -> adipose tissue, sweat and oil glands
minora: skin folds devoid of pubic hair, fat

67
Q

vulva: within the vestibule

A
  • hymen
  • vaginal orifice
  • external urethral orifice
  • ducts of greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s) -> mucous for lubrication, equivalent of male Bulbourethral glands
68
Q

bulb of vestibule:

A

2 elongated erectile bodies, deep to labia on both sides of vaginal orifice

69
Q

perineum: features

A
  • BOTH SEXES
  • external SA inferior to pelvic diaphragm, osseous boundaries
  • btw genitals and anus
  • urogenital and anal triangles
70
Q

mammary glands:

A

suspensory ligaments attach breast to dermis and fascia

  • each lobule (glandular tissue) drained into mammary ducts
  • deep to areola each duct has dilated portion: lactiferous sinus

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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