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1. HLTH 108 > Bone tissue > Flashcards

Bone tissue Flashcards

1
Q

main functions:

A
  • mechanical support
  • movement, protection
  • fat and mineral storage (cal, phos.)
  • encloses red bone marrow (hemopoiesis- production of blood cells)
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2
Q

primary bone tissue: features

A

(immature/ woven)

  • temporary -> replaced by mature
  • irregular array collagen fibres
  • low mineral content
  • high proportion of oseteocytes
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3
Q

secondary bone tissue: features

A

(mature, lamellar)

- collagen fibres arranged in lamellae (thin plate-like structure)

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4
Q

main parts of long bone:

A
  • diaphysis (shaft) with medullary cavity
  • epiphysis (ends)
  • metaphysis (middle) with epiphyseal plate
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5
Q

(a)vascular? for? major blood supply in long bone

A
  • highly vascular, allow growth and change
  • epiphyseal A
  • metaphyseal
  • nutrient (distal/ proximal) - mid shaft
  • periosteal
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6
Q

osteogenic cell: features/ location

A

unspecialised stem cell, can undergo cell division
- for growth/ remodelling

  • inner portion of periosteum, endosteum, blood vessel canals
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7
Q

osteoblast cell: features/ location

A
  • for synthesis of organic extracellular matrix, influence inorganic components’ deposition
  • only on the cell surface (cuboidal/ columnar/ squamous)
  • when completely surrounded by matrix = osteocyte
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8
Q

osteocyte cell: features/ location

A
  • maintain bone matrix
  • respond to mechanical forces, lay down new/ remove matrix
  • in lacunae (cavities) within/between lamellae
  • communicate to other osteocytes via canaliculi (small canals) -> processes travel through
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9
Q

osteoclasts: features/ location

A
  • stimulated by the parathyroid hormone (indirectly) and inhibited by calcitonin (thyroid gland)
  • bone resorption (breaking down)
  • uses lysosomes -> matrix
  • large, multinucleated, motile, phagocytic, ruffled border (invaginations)
  • fusion of monocytes/ macrophages
  • attached to bone matrix (tight seal)
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10
Q

compact bone structure: general features

A

Haversian system/ osteon

  • cylindrical unit (concentric lamellae bone matrix) around central canal
  • osteon parallel to long axis of bone
  • 1-2 capillaries, lymph vessels and nerves
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11
Q

compact bone structure: between/surround Haversian systems features

A

between: interstitial lamellae/ outer-circumferential

surrounded by cementing substance: mineralised matrix, few collagen fibres

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12
Q

compact bone structure: Volkmann’s canals

A

perpendicular to Haversian canals, transversely from periosteum -> endosteum, connecting osteons
- blood vessels

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13
Q

spongy bone structure: features

A
  • no osteons, lamellae in irregular lattice of thin columns (trabeculae)
  • spaces in btw contain red and yellow bone marrow
  • each trabecula-> osteocytes (in lacunae)
  • blood supply directly form surrounding blood vessels
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14
Q

difference between periosteum and endosteum: features

A

Periosteum:

  • tough sheet, outer surface of bone (excl. art cartilage)
  • outer (fibrous) layer DICT
  • inner layer: osteogenic

Endosteum:

  • thin membrane, lines internal cavities within bone
  • single layer: bone-forming cells, lil ct.
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15
Q

bone formation: before birth

A

intramembranous and endochondral

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16
Q

bone formation: after birth

A

length and width

17
Q

features: intramembranous growth

A

flat bones of skull (parietal, frontal), mandible

  • apposition (growth) on tissue within embryonic connective tissue membrane (mesenchyme)
  • bony tissue will develop directly from mesenchyme
18
Q

intramembranous growth: development stages (formal)

A

development of ossification centre –> calcification –> formation of trabeculae –> development of periosteum (stimulates compact bone)

19
Q

endochondral ossification: features

A
  • cartilage first -> replaced with bone

- more common

20
Q

endochondral ossification: stages of development (formal)

A

(cartilage model) hyaline cartilage covered in perichondrium (DICT layer) -> interstitial/ appositional cartilage model growth –> periosteum develops (primary ossification centre) —> dev. medullary cavity –> dev. secondary ossification centres –> formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

21
Q

intramembranous growth: development stages (informal explanation)

A

mesenchyme differentiates: osteoblasts, activated -> patches of bone matrix- ossify, merge= trabeculae (spongy bone), blood vessels help, periosteum forms (new osteoblasts outside)-> make compact bone

22
Q

endochondral ossification: stages of development (informal explanation)

A

mesenchymal cells: differentiate later in chondrocytes–> calcify and kill cells, nutrient artery (feeds inside) cells differentiate= osteoblasts –> make bony matrix, (primary ossification centre) –> moves towards ends of bones (epiphyses)

secondary ossification centre- ossification from surface which penetrates deeper –> cartilage will only stay at metaphysis

23
Q

growth in width: features

A 
appositional growth (new layers) of bone tissue on pre-existing bone surface (under periosteum) = increase in width
- osteoclasts also on endosteum surface remove bone -> expand medullary cavity

bone growth always regulated

24
Q

growth in length: features

A

interstitial growth (length) via formation of new cartilage within existing cartilage mass

25
Q

growth in length: epiphyseal plate zones

A
  • resting cartilage: connects cartilage to bone (epiphysis)
  • proliferating cartilage: new chondrocytes- matrix grows/ stack cartilage, push closer to bone side- will die
  • hypertrophic cartilage: mature chondrocytes enlarge leaving large spaces
  • calcified cartilage: where cartilage is replaced with bone tissue

leaves epiphyseal line

26
Q

danger of bone fracture in children:

A
  • this cartilage-> bone growth will stop during teens once all cartilage is replaced
  • fracture prematurely disrupts growth/ blood supply = early ossification (shorter)
27
Q

bone remodelling: how?

A
  • stress to periosteum of bony prominences –> osteoblasts activation (stimulate more bone tissue)
  • stronger bones
  • create more ridges for muscle attachment
  • no stress= loss of bone tissue
28
Q

Wolff’s law

A

bone is healthy person/ animal will adapt to the loads it is placed under

29
Q

eg of bone remodelling:

A

Patagonia skull modelling

  • bandaging skulls
  • culturally beautiful
30
Q

bone repair:

A

fracture:

  • Heamatoma (blood collection outside bl. vessel) - swollen
  • -> once cleaned up temporary fibrocartilaginous callus forms (quick framework)
  • -> replaced by bony callus, osteoclasts clean up
  • -> bone remodelling (try to fix bump)
31
Q

osteoporosis:

A

more likely in older female

  • after menopause, sharp decline of oestrogen
  • brittle bones, easier to break bones
  • really slow recovery
  • Vitamin D and calcium good, active lifestyle too

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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