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1. HLTH 108 > Muscle tissue > Flashcards

Muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

functions of muscle tissue:

A

movement, stability, storage/movement of substances within body, heat production

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2
Q

properties of muscle tissue:

A
  • electrical excitability (chemical/ electrical stimuli)
  • contractility (actin/ myosin sliding)
  • extensibility (controlled stretching, protected by ct)
  • elasticity (return to og size)
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3
Q

how does motion occur:

A

conversion of chemical energy (ATP) –> mechanical energy by contractile apparatus of muscle cells

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4
Q

contractile apparatus: made of

A

proteins actin and myosin

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5
Q

how does the 2 proteins create cellular contraction:

A

actin/ myosin form myofillaments, arranged parallel to direction of cell contraction

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6
Q

how do muscle cells respond to stimulus?

A

have excitable cell membrane, responds to stimulus = cellular contraction

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7
Q

muscle tissue term for: cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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8
Q

muscle tissue term for: plasma membrane

A

sarcolemma, invaginated by (transverse) t tubules

- can pass action potentials

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9
Q

muscle tissue term for: sER

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum, stores and releases Calcium ions (key for action potentials)

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10
Q

list types of muscle tissueL

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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11
Q

brief info/ contraction: skeletal

A

striated (striped), neatly arranged actin/ myosin

strong, quick discontinuous voluntary contraction

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12
Q

brief info/ contraction: cardiac

A

striated,

strong, quick continuous involuntary contraction

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13
Q

brief info/ contraction: smooth

A

not striated, irregular arrangement

weak, slow involuntary contraction

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14
Q

skeletal muscle features:

A
  • very long tubular cells (myofibres/ muscle fibres)
  • up of 30cm
  • striated; cross striations
  • voluntary: innervated (stimulated) by somatic nervous system
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15
Q

brief structure of muscle tissue:

A

muscle= many fascicles (muscle cell bundles)

surrounded by connective tissues: endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

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16
Q

define fascicle:

A

consists of myofibres

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17
Q

define myofibre:

A

consists of many myofibrils

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18
Q

define myofibrils:

A

bundles of myofilaments thick (myosin), thin (actin)

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19
Q

muscle tissue organisation: small to largest

A 
myofilaments (proteins) ->
myofibrils (organelles) -> 
myofibres (cells) ->
muscle fascicle ->
muscle
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20
Q

myofibre features: cross section/ structure/ glycogen

A

cross section: polygon shaped

  • developed from myoblasts
  • sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) surrounded by sarcolemma (plasma mem.) with 1-2 peripheral nuclei (just underneath sarcolemma)
  • substantial glycogen
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21
Q

myofibre features: organelles/ myofilaments

A
  • myoglobin (binds O2)
  • mitochondria: rows throughout myofibres
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles myofibrils dilated at the end (sarcoplasmic cistern)
  • myofilaments myosin (thick), actin (thin)
22
Q

T tubules: features/ function

A

transverse tubules

  • invagination of plasma membrane (1 T tubule), 2 cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum run between myofibrils at A-I junction = TRIAD
  • allow electrical impulses to travel to deeper myofilaments
  • rapid supply/removal of Calcium ions to myofibrils
23
Q

define sarcomere (incl):

A

basic repetitive unit of contractile apparatus (between Z lines) including

  • I band
  • Z line
  • line
  • A band
  • H band
24
Q

I band:

A

actin not overlapping myosin

25
Z line:
disc in centre of I band, which actin extends from
26
A band:
all myosin (incl. lil overlapping of actin)
27
H band:
myosin not overlapping actin
28
endomysium:
loose connective tissue (reticular fibres) surrounding each muscle fibre - has smallest capillaries and neuronal branches
29
perimysium:
dense irregular connective tissue, fat, blood vessels, nerves - groups fibres into fascicles
30
epimysium:
dense irregular connective tissue envelopes muscles - has large vessels and nerves TENDONS
31
fascia:
large connective tissue sheet surrounding groups of muscles
32
list types of skeletal muscle fibres:
Type I: slow oxidative Type II a: fast oxidative-glycotic Type II b: fast glycotic
33
slow oxidative skeletal muscle fibres: features
Type I: - smallest diameter - least powerful - large amount: myoglobin - numerous capillaries - uses ATP slowly - slow contractions, resist fatigue, capable of long prolonged contractions - aerobic cellular respiration
34
fast oxidative-glycotic skeletal muscle fibres: features
Type II a: - medium size - large amount: myoglobin - numerous capillaries - use ATP fast - fast contractions, both aerobic/anaerobic cellular respiration, moderately resistant to fatigue
35
fast glycotic skeletal muscle fibres: features
Type II b: - largest size - small amount: myoglobin - few capillaries - fast, strong contractions, mainly anaerobic cellular respiration, lil resistance to fatigue
36
nerve supply in muscle tissue: bundle/ junction/ neurotransmitter/ features
neurovascular bundle: nerve and blood vessels usually enter muscle together neuromuscular junction: synapse btw axon terminals of motor neuron -> sarcolemma - ends on individual muscle fibres neurotransmitter: acetylcholine (synaptic vesicles in synaptic end bulbs)
37
nerve supply: motor unit
neuron and innervated muscle cell
38
approx how many muscle fibres a single neuron innervates: eg
depending on location, few to many muscle fibres - eye muscle> 1:3 muscle fibres - erector spinae> 1:1000s of fibres
39
tendons features:
- dense regular connective tissue, abundant collagen fibres, few cells, lil ground substance - densely packed fibres, collagen bundles
40
eg of neurotransmitter blockers:
``` botulinum toxin (Botox) curare ```
41
muscle-tendon junction:
collagen fibres (tendons) inserted into infoldings of sarcolemma
42
muscular atrophy and eg.
- disuse atrophy: from not using the muscles enough-> loss of muscle tissue eg. bedridden, seated jobs - denervation atrophy: sudden atrophy, removal of nerve supply permanent muscular paralysis, eg. from Guillain-Barre syndrome - hypertrophy: enlargement of muscles eg. exercise
43
cardiac muscle: features
- 1 muscle fibre= 1 mononuclear cell, central nucleus and many (larger) mitochondria - branched columns of cells - surrounding muscle cells: delicate sheath of endomysial connective tissue -> rich in capillaries (no epimysium)
44
cardiac muscle: intercalated discs
attachments between muscle fibres (desmosomes-strong attachment and extensive gap junctions- communication) - allows multiple cells to act together - and transmission of electrical impulses between cells
45
cardiac muscle: T tubules
wider, but less abundant | - 1 T tubule with 1 small terminal cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum = diad structure
46
cardiac muscle: conduction system features
- action potential is created in the heart itself (creates muscle impulse) SA: sinoatrial node, AV: atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle of (Hiss), conduction myofibres (Purkinje fibres, fewer myofibrils than surrounding muscle tissue) - external influence: nervous (parasympathetic and sympathetic), hormonal stimulation = rate of contractions
47
smooth muscle features:
- surround walls of ducts, hollow organs, blood vessels, GIT etc. - specialised: slow prolonged contractions - smaller fusiform (longer rugby ball/ wider in middle) shaped cells, central cigar-shaped nuclei, 2-5 nucleoli - no T tubules, small SR, only endomysium
48
smooth muscle: actin, myosin?/ electrical impulses
- diffused actin/myosin-> no striations, can't differentiate each muscle fibre - no close association: nerve endings and individual smooth muscle cells - gap junction allow electrical impulse (action potential) travel between cells
49
regeneration: cardiac muscle
none beyond early childhood
50
regeneration: skeletal muscle
limited: - after injury, satellite cells (skeletal m. precursor) activate, generate new myoblasts --> muscle fibres - most sever injury repair: fibroblasts -> scar tissue
51
regeneration: smooth muscle
active regenerative response steroids: build muscle mass fast

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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