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1. HLTH 108 > Muscle tissue > Flashcards

Muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

functions of muscle tissue:

A

movement, stability, storage/movement of substances within body, heat production

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2
Q

properties of muscle tissue:

A
  • electrical excitability (chemical/ electrical stimuli)
  • contractility (actin/ myosin sliding)
  • extensibility (controlled stretching, protected by ct)
  • elasticity (return to og size)
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3
Q

how does motion occur:

A

conversion of chemical energy (ATP) –> mechanical energy by contractile apparatus of muscle cells

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4
Q

contractile apparatus: made of

A

proteins actin and myosin

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5
Q

how does the 2 proteins create cellular contraction:

A

actin/ myosin form myofillaments, arranged parallel to direction of cell contraction

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6
Q

how do muscle cells respond to stimulus?

A

have excitable cell membrane, responds to stimulus = cellular contraction

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7
Q

muscle tissue term for: cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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8
Q

muscle tissue term for: plasma membrane

A

sarcolemma, invaginated by (transverse) t tubules

- can pass action potentials

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9
Q

muscle tissue term for: sER

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum, stores and releases Calcium ions (key for action potentials)

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10
Q

list types of muscle tissueL

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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11
Q

brief info/ contraction: skeletal

A

striated (striped), neatly arranged actin/ myosin

strong, quick discontinuous voluntary contraction

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12
Q

brief info/ contraction: cardiac

A

striated,

strong, quick continuous involuntary contraction

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13
Q

brief info/ contraction: smooth

A

not striated, irregular arrangement

weak, slow involuntary contraction

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14
Q

skeletal muscle features:

A
  • very long tubular cells (myofibres/ muscle fibres)
  • up of 30cm
  • striated; cross striations
  • voluntary: innervated (stimulated) by somatic nervous system
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15
Q

brief structure of muscle tissue:

A

muscle= many fascicles (muscle cell bundles)

surrounded by connective tissues: endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

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16
Q

define fascicle:

A

consists of myofibres

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17
Q

define myofibre:

A

consists of many myofibrils

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18
Q

define myofibrils:

A

bundles of myofilaments thick (myosin), thin (actin)

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19
Q

muscle tissue organisation: small to largest

A 
myofilaments (proteins) ->
myofibrils (organelles) -> 
myofibres (cells) ->
muscle fascicle ->
muscle
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20
Q

myofibre features: cross section/ structure/ glycogen

A

cross section: polygon shaped

  • developed from myoblasts
  • sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) surrounded by sarcolemma (plasma mem.) with 1-2 peripheral nuclei (just underneath sarcolemma)
  • substantial glycogen
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21
Q

myofibre features: organelles/ myofilaments

A
  • myoglobin (binds O2)
  • mitochondria: rows throughout myofibres
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles myofibrils dilated at the end (sarcoplasmic cistern)
  • myofilaments myosin (thick), actin (thin)
22
Q

T tubules: features/ function

A

transverse tubules

  • invagination of plasma membrane (1 T tubule), 2 cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum run between myofibrils at A-I junction = TRIAD
  • allow electrical impulses to travel to deeper myofilaments
  • rapid supply/removal of Calcium ions to myofibrils
23
Q

define sarcomere (incl):

A

basic repetitive unit of contractile apparatus (between Z lines) including

  • I band
  • Z line
  • line
  • A band
  • H band
24
Q

I band:

A

actin not overlapping myosin

25
Q

Z line:

A

disc in centre of I band, which actin extends from

26
Q

A band:

A

all myosin (incl. lil overlapping of actin)

27
Q

H band:

A

myosin not overlapping actin

28
Q

endomysium:

A

loose connective tissue (reticular fibres) surrounding each muscle fibre
- has smallest capillaries and neuronal branches

29
Q

perimysium:

A

dense irregular connective tissue, fat, blood vessels, nerves
- groups fibres into fascicles

30
Q

epimysium:

A

dense irregular connective tissue envelopes muscles
- has large vessels and nerves

TENDONS

31
Q

fascia:

A

large connective tissue sheet surrounding groups of muscles

32
Q

list types of skeletal muscle fibres:

A

Type I: slow oxidative
Type II a: fast oxidative-glycotic
Type II b: fast glycotic

33
Q

slow oxidative skeletal muscle fibres: features

A

Type I:

  • smallest diameter
  • least powerful
  • large amount: myoglobin
  • numerous capillaries
  • uses ATP slowly
  • slow contractions, resist fatigue, capable of long prolonged contractions
  • aerobic cellular respiration
34
Q

fast oxidative-glycotic skeletal muscle fibres: features

A

Type II a:

  • medium size
  • large amount: myoglobin
  • numerous capillaries
  • use ATP fast
  • fast contractions, both aerobic/anaerobic cellular respiration, moderately resistant to fatigue
35
Q

fast glycotic skeletal muscle fibres: features

A

Type II b:

  • largest size
  • small amount: myoglobin
  • few capillaries
  • fast, strong contractions, mainly anaerobic cellular respiration, lil resistance to fatigue
36
Q

nerve supply in muscle tissue: bundle/ junction/ neurotransmitter/ features

A

neurovascular bundle: nerve and blood vessels usually enter muscle together

neuromuscular junction: synapse btw axon terminals of motor neuron -> sarcolemma
- ends on individual muscle fibres

neurotransmitter: acetylcholine (synaptic vesicles in synaptic end bulbs)

37
Q

nerve supply: motor unit

A

neuron and innervated muscle cell

38
Q

approx how many muscle fibres a single neuron innervates: eg

A

depending on location, few to many muscle fibres

  • eye muscle> 1:3 muscle fibres
  • erector spinae> 1:1000s of fibres
39
Q

tendons features:

A
  • dense regular connective tissue, abundant collagen fibres, few cells, lil ground substance
  • densely packed fibres, collagen bundles
40
Q

eg of neurotransmitter blockers:

A 
botulinum toxin (Botox)
curare
41
Q

muscle-tendon junction:

A

collagen fibres (tendons) inserted into infoldings of sarcolemma

42
Q

muscular atrophy and eg.

A
  • disuse atrophy: from not using the muscles enough-> loss of muscle tissue
    eg. bedridden, seated jobs
  • denervation atrophy: sudden atrophy, removal of nerve supply permanent muscular paralysis,
    eg. from Guillain-Barre syndrome
  • hypertrophy: enlargement of muscles
    eg. exercise
43
Q

cardiac muscle: features

A
  • 1 muscle fibre= 1 mononuclear cell, central nucleus and many (larger) mitochondria
  • branched columns of cells
  • surrounding muscle cells: delicate sheath of endomysial connective tissue -> rich in capillaries (no epimysium)
44
Q

cardiac muscle: intercalated discs

A

attachments between muscle fibres (desmosomes-strong attachment and extensive gap junctions- communication)

  • allows multiple cells to act together
  • and transmission of electrical impulses between cells
45
Q

cardiac muscle: T tubules

A

wider, but less abundant

- 1 T tubule with 1 small terminal cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum = diad structure

46
Q

cardiac muscle: conduction system features

A
  • action potential is created in the heart itself (creates muscle impulse)

SA: sinoatrial node,
AV: atrioventricular node,
atrioventricular bundle of (Hiss), conduction myofibres (Purkinje fibres, fewer myofibrils than surrounding muscle tissue)

  • external influence: nervous (parasympathetic and sympathetic), hormonal stimulation = rate of contractions
47
Q

smooth muscle features:

A
  • surround walls of ducts, hollow organs, blood vessels, GIT etc.
  • specialised: slow prolonged contractions
  • smaller fusiform (longer rugby ball/ wider in middle) shaped cells, central cigar-shaped nuclei, 2-5 nucleoli
  • no T tubules, small SR, only endomysium
48
Q

smooth muscle: actin, myosin?/ electrical impulses

A
  • diffused actin/myosin-> no striations, can’t differentiate each muscle fibre
  • no close association: nerve endings and individual smooth muscle cells
  • gap junction allow electrical impulse (action potential) travel between cells
49
Q

regeneration: cardiac muscle

A

none beyond early childhood

50
Q

regeneration: skeletal muscle

A

limited:

  • after injury, satellite cells (skeletal m. precursor) activate, generate new myoblasts –> muscle fibres
  • most sever injury repair: fibroblasts -> scar tissue
51
Q

regeneration: smooth muscle

A

active regenerative response

steroids: build muscle mass fast

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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