Brain Pt. 2 and Cranial nerves

Question 1

names all lobes:

Answer 1

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

Question 2

sulcus/ gyrus related to lobe: frontal

Answer 2

central sulcus, pre-central gyrus

Question 3

sulcus/ gyrus related to lobe: parietal

Answer 3

post central gyrus

Question 4

sulcus/ gyrus related to lobe: temporal

Answer 4

lateral cerebral sulcus

Question 5

sulcus/ gyrus related to lobe: occipital

Answer 5

parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 6

list all primary areas of cerebral cortex:

Answer 6

primary: somatosensory, visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory

Question 7

where is the location of primary somatosensory area: and features

Answer 7

postcentral gyrus,

impulses for touch, proprioception, pain, itching, tickle, thermal sensation

Question 8

where is the location of primary visual area:

Answer 8

posterior end of occipital lobe

Question 9

where is the location of primary auditory area:

Answer 9

superior part of temporal lobe

Question 10

where is the location of primary gustatory area:

Answer 10

base of post central gyrus

Question 11

where is the location of primary olfactory area:

Answer 11

medial aspect of temporal lobe

Question 12

list motor areas:

Answer 12

primary motor area, Broca’s speech area

Question 13

where is the location of primary motor area: and features

Answer 13

precentral gyrus

voluntary muscle contractions

Question 14

where is the location of Broca’s speech area: and features

Answer 14

frontal cortex, close to lateral cerebral gyrus

coordinated contraction of muscles involves in speech

Question 15

somatosensory association area: location, features and function

Answer 15

posterior to primary somatosensory area

• determines shape, texture, orientation and relations of the parts of the objects
• compares with previous sensory experiences

Question 16

prefrontal cortex: location and function

Answer 16

anterior part of frontal lobe

personality features, intellect, complex learning abilities, reasoning, planning, initiative, judgement, foresight and recall of info

Question 17

list all association areas:

Answer 17

somatosensory, prefrontal cortex, visual, auditory, common integrative, premotor, Wernicke’s area

Question 18

visual association area: location and function

Answer 18

occipital lobe,

recognition and evaluation of visual perceptions

Question 19

auditory association area: location and function

Answer 19

inferior/posterior to primary auditory area

recognition of auditory perceptions

Question 20

common integrative area: location and function

Answer 20

close to somatosensory, visual and auditory areas

receives and integrates sensory impulses and interpretations from different areas

Question 21

premotor association area: location and function

Answer 21

anterior to primary motor area

complex and learned motor activity patterns

Question 22

Wenicke’s area: location and function

Answer 22

temporal and parietal lobes

interprets meaning of speech (fluent aphasia)

Question 23

general functions of left hemisphere:

Answer 23

• receives somatic sensory signals from/controls muscles on R side of body
• reasoning
• numerical and scientific skills
• ability to use/ understand sign language
• spoken and written language

Question 24

general functions of right hemisphere:

Answer 24

• receives somatic sensory signals from/ controls muscles on L side of body
• musical and artistic awareness
• space and pattern perception
• recognition of faces/ emotional content of facial expression
• generating emotional content of language
• generating mental images to compare spatial relationships
• identifying and discriminating among odours

Question 25

features/ function: diencephalon

Answer 25

centrally positioned, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres, superior to midbrain - encloses third ventricle parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 26

features/ nuclei: thalamus

Answer 26

paired oval masses (grey matter) and tracts (white matter) - R/L halves connected by intermediate mass (interthalamic adhesion) - 7 major groups of nuclei (paired) - internal capsule: axons connecting to thalamus and cerebral cortex

Question 27

function: thalamus

Answer 27

major relay station: - sensory impulses, crude perceptions (pain, temp, pressure) - motor function: transmission of impulses from cerebellum and basal ganglia -> primary motor cortex - regulation of autonomic activites - maintains consciousness

Question 28

features/ function: hypothalamus

Answer 28

several nuclei in 4 regions (mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, preoptic) - controls/ integrates activities of ANS, produce hormones, body temp, regulates emotional/ behavioural patterns, eating/ drinking, circadian rhythm, states of consciousness

Question 29

features/ function: epithalamus

Answer 29

pineal gland: posterior extremity of 3rd ventricle (melatonin) and habenular nuclei (olfaction)

Question 30

cerebellum: location/ general features

Answer 30

posterior/ inferior aspect of cranial cavity - posterior to medulla, pons - inferior to cerebrum (tentorium cerebelli) evaluates movement, regulates posture and balance - cortex folded into folia, white matter (arbour vitae): cerebellar nuclei

Question 31

cerebellum: lobes/ hemispheres/ peduncles

Answer 31

connected by vermis - anterior, posterior and flocculo-nodular lobes - peduncles: bundles of white matter, attach cerebellum to brain stem, superior/ middle/ inferior

Question 32

list parts of brainstem:

Answer 32

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 33

midbrain: location/ parts

Answer 33

btw diencephalon and pons, containing cerebral aqueduct (connects 3/4th ventricles) made of tracts of nuclei anterior part: - cerebral peduncles (tracts) motor impulses from cerebrum -> pons, medulla, spinal cord, sensory medullar -> thalamus ``` posterior part (tectum): - 4 elevations: 2 superior (reflex centres for visual activities) 2 inferior colliculi (auditory pathways) ```

Question 34

midbrain: nuclei

Answer 34

- Substantia Nigra (controls subconscious muscular activities) - red nuclei (coordination of muscular activities) - occulomotor and trochlear cranial nerves

Question 35

pons: : location/ parts

Answer 35

btw midbrain/ medulla, contains 4th ventricle (btw pons/ cerebellum) made of tracts/ nuclei ventral region: - relay station for white matter tracts connecting cerebral/ cerebellar hemispheres (coordination of voluntary movement) dorsal region: - ascending sensory/ descending motor tracts - cranial nerves nuclei: trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

Question 36

medulla oblongata: location/ white matter

Answer 36

btw pons/ spinal cord (foramen magnum), similar to spinal cord white matter: - ascending/ descending tracts - 2 anterior protrusions: pyramids (motor tracts) - decussation of pyramids 90% of axons on both sides cross to other side - olives: relay impulses from proprioceptors to cerebellum- lateral to the pyramids

Question 37

medulla oblongata: grey matter

Answer 37

cardiovascular centre, rhythmicity area (breathing), reflexes for vomiting, sneezing, coughing - cranial nerves: vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Question 38

reticular formation:

Answer 38

network of neuronal cell bodies dispersed within white matter, from diencephalon, through brain stem to upper part of spinal cord - helps maintain consciousness

Question 39

cranial nerves: general info

Answer 39

12 pairs: - sensory - motor - mixed passes through foramina in cranial base

Question 40

list all cranial nerves I-XII

Answer 40

``` I Olfactory II Optic III occulomotor IV trochlear V trigeminal VI abducens VII facial VIII vestibulocochlear IX glossopharyngeal X vagus XI accessory XII hypoglossal ```

Question 41

list cranial nerves whether they are sensory, motor or both:

Answer 41

``` Some Say Money Matters But My Big Brother Says Big Brains Matter More ```

Question 42

Olfactory: features/ function/ location

Answer 42

I: sensory smell, - smell receptors in nasal cavity - olfactory bulbs/ tracts

Question 43

optic: features/ function/ location

Answer 43

II: sensory vision - retina - optic chiasm, optic tract

Question 44

occulomotor: features/ function/ location

Answer 44

III: motor moving upper eyelid/ eyeball, autonomic (parasympathetic) - lens and pupil

Question 45

trochlear: features/ function/ location

Answer 45

IV: motor movement of eyeball

Question 46

trigeminal: features/ function/ location

Answer 46

V: both - sensory (touch, proprioception, temp, pain) - motor (muscles of mastication) branches - ophthalmic - maxillary - mandibular

Question 47

abducens: features/ function/ location

Answer 47

VI: motor movement of eyeball

Question 48

facial: features/ function/ location

Answer 48

VII: both - sensory (taste, proprioception) - motor (m. facial expression) - parasympathetic (salivary/ lacrimal glands)

Question 49

vestibulocochlear: features/ function/ location

Answer 49

VIII: sensory equilibrium and hearing

Question 50

glossopharyngeal: features/ function/ location

Answer 50

IX: both - sensory (baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, taste, proprioception) - motor (stylopharyngeus) - parasympathetic (parotid gland)

Question 51

vagus: features/ function/ location

Answer 51

X: both - sensory (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, taste, visceral organs or thorax/ abdomen) - motor (muscles of pharynx, larynx, soft palate) - parasympathetic (heart, lungs, glands, smooth muscle of visceral organs)

Question 52

accessory: features/ function/ location

Answer 52

XI: motor sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Question 53

hypoglossal: features/ function/ location

Answer 53

XII: motor tongue