Joints Flashcards
define joint: and function
articulation/ arthrosis
- point of contact between two bones, bone/cartilage, bone/tooth
hold bones together allowing movement/ flexibility
increase of mobility =
decrease in stability and vice verca
classification: no movement
synarthrosis
classification: slight movement
amphiarthrosis
classification: free movement
diarthrosis
movements: extension and eg.
SAGITTAL PLANE: increasing angle in joint, eg. knee -> straight limb
movements: flexion and eg.
SAGITTAL PLANE: decreasing angle of joint, eg shoulder joint -> flat to side
movements: hyperextension and eg.
SAGITTAL PLANE: extension of body part more than normal range, eg. tilting head towards posterior
body movements: head
extension, flexion, hyperextension
body movements: shoulder joint (sagittal p)
flexion, extension, hyperextension
body movements: elbow joint (sagittal p)
flexion, extension
body movements: wrist joint (sagittal p)
flexion, extension, hyperextension
body movements: hip joint (sagittal p)
flexion, extension, hyperextension
body movements: knee joint (sagittal p)
flexion, extension
body movements: intervertebral joints (sagittal p)
lateral flexion
movements: abduction
CORONAL PLANE:
movement away from midline, eg. arm straight with shoulder
movements: adduction
CORONAL PLANE: towards the midline/body, eg. wrist bending fingers towards body
body movements: shoulder joint (coronal p)
abduction, adduction
body movements: wrist joint (coronal p)
abduction, adduction
body movements: hip joint (coronal p)
adduction, abduction
body movements: metacarpophalangeal joints (excl. thumb)
abduction, adduction
body movement: atlanto-axial joint rotation
left right (no)
body movement: shoulder joint rotation
lateral (away from body), medial (towards body) with arm bent at the elbow
body movement: hip joint rotation
medial, lateral, bent at the knee
movements: circumduction and eg.
combo of multiple movements, circular
eg. shoulder and hip joint
movements: elevation and eg
temporomandibular joint (chin) moving chin towards close mouth
movements: depression and eg
temporomandibular joint (chin) moving jaw downwards
movements: protraction and eg
temporomandibular joint (chin) pushing jaw forwards
movements: retraction and eg
temporomandibular joint (chin) pushing jaw backwards
movements: inversion and eg
tilting foot medially, intertarsal joints
movements: eversion and eg
tilting foot laterally while flat, intertarsal joints
movements: dorsiflexion and eg
pointing toes upwards, ankle joint
movements: plantar flexion and eg
pointing toes down, ankle joint
movements: pronation and eg
palm is facing backwards, radioulnar joint
movements: supination and eg
palm facing forwards, radioulnar joint
movements: opposition and eg
fingers bent towards each other, forming ‘o’
carpometacarpal joint
how to classify joints:
presence/ absence of space between bones, synovial cavity, type of c.t. binding the bones
fibrous joints: features/ eg
no SC, dense irregular c.t.
- sutures
- syndesmoses
- interosseous membranes
cartilaginous: features/ eg
no SC, bones held together cartilage
- synchondroses
- sympheses
synovial: features/ eg
yes SC, dense irregular ct. (articular capsule), accessory ligaments (helping)
- ball and socket
- hinge
- pivot
- condyloid
- planar
- saddle
suture: features/ eg
- FIBROUS JOINT
- thin layer of dense irregular c.t.
- short distance btw bones
- irregular interlocking edges
- coronal suture (ligament)
synostosis (fusion of 2 bones) may occur
syndesmoses: features/ eg
- FIBROUS JOINT
- thicker layer of dense irregular ct.
- greater distance btw bones
- periodontal ligament (tooth and mandible)
interosseous membrane: features/ eg
- FIBROUS JOINT
thick sheet of dense irregular ct. binding bones - tibia/ fibula
- radius/ ulna
synchondroses: features/ eg
CARTILAGENOUS
- primary cartilaginous
- bones connected> hyaline cartilage
- epiphyseal plates
- 1st rib and sternum
symphyses: features/ eg
CARTILAGENOUS
- secondary cartilaginous/ fibrocartilaginous
- articular surface covered in hyaline cartilage
- joined by fibrocartilage
- intervertebral discs
- pubic symphyses
synovial joints: features/ eg
space between articular surface (c. hyaline cartilage) synovial cavity -> synovial fluid
- knuckle bone
articular joint capsule: features
SYNOVIAL JOINT
- 2 layers:
fibrous mem (outer)
- dense irreg. ct. attached to periosteum
- strengthened by intrinsic ligaments
synovial mem (inner)
- areolar connective tissue
- elastic fibres secretes synovial fluid
extrinsic ligaments: features
SYNOVIAL JOINT
- FIBROUS CAPSULE
- extracapsular/ intracapsular
articular discs: features
SYNOVIAL JOINT
- FIBROUS CAPSULE
- menisci (crescent shaped)
- fibrocartilage btw articular surfaces in some joints
- lateral/ medial meniscus
labrum: features/ eg
SYNOVIAL JOINT
- ring of fibrocartilage deepens socket
- acetabulum (concave surface) of ischium bone -> scapular
bursa/tendon sheath: features/ eg
SYNOVIAL JOINT
- reduce friction, protect soft tissue
- bursa: sac like structure with fluid (eg. shoulder/knee joint)
- tendon sheath: tube-like bursa (eg. wrist and fingers)
planar (plane) joints: features/ type of movement/ eg
- flat/ curved articular surface
- gliding/ sliding on BIAXIAL plane
- intertarsal, intercarpal
hinge joints: features/ type of movement/ eg
- convex/concave art surfaces
- flexion/ extension UNIAXIAL
- knee (modified), elbow, ankle
condyloid joints: features/ type of movement/ eg
- oval shaped- convex/concave art surface
- flexion/extension, abduction/adduction BIAXIAL
- carpal, metacarpophalangeal joints
saddle joints: features/ type of movement/ eg
- modified condyloid saddle art surface
- flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction BIAXIAL
- carpometarcarpal (btw trapesium/ metarcarpal of thumb)
pivot joints: features/ type of movement/ eg
- rounded/ pointed art surface and ring (bone/ligament)
- rotation around central axis UNIAXIAL
- medial atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar joint
ball and socket joints: features/ type of movement/ eg
- spherical surface into cup-like depression (socket)
- flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation TRIAXIAL
- shoulder/ hip joints
knee joint: list all ligaments and location
- fibular collateral L, lateral of patella (updown side)
- tibial collateral L, medial of patella (updown side)
- oblique popliteal L (diagonal middle)
- posterior cruciate L (PCL) (middle cross from back-> front)
- anterior cruciate L (ACL) (middle cross from front-> back)
- patella ligament (anterior updown) btw femur/ tibia)
knee joint: menisci and location
- medial, towards tibia
- lateral, towards fibula
