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1. HLTH 108 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system: main features

A
  • has endocrine glands-> secrete hormones into bloodstream/ tissues
  • regulate homeostasis, coordinate growth and development
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2
Q

how does hormones interact general:

A

specific receptors to alter biological activity of target cells

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3
Q

nervous system vs endocrine system general:

A

ns: rapid response, short duration
es: slow response, longer duration

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4
Q

endrocrine glands: general features

A

ductless glands, secretory cells release hormones into blood stream/ tissues to target cells

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5
Q

list main glands:

A

pituitary (hypophysis), pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal

ovaries, testes

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6
Q

hormone secretion happens by:

A

signals from nervous system, chemical change in the blood, other hormones

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7
Q

types of hormones:

A

proteins, steroids, amines

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8
Q

eg of hormone secreting glands: protein

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, enteroendrocrine cells of digestive tract

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9
Q

eg of hormone secreting glands: steroids

A

ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex

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10
Q

eg of hormone secreting glands: amines

A

adrenal medulla, thyroid

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11
Q

steroids are derived from:

A

cholesterol

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12
Q

amines are derived from: and eg

A

amino acids and derivatives, eg: norepinephrine, epinephrine

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13
Q

location/ features: pineal glands

A

posterior extremity of 3rd ventricle (aka epiphysis cerebri)

  • secretes melatonin -> regulates circadian, seasonal biorhythm
  • increases during darkness
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14
Q

location/ features: pituitary gland

A

hypophysis, base of brain sella turcica, connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum

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15
Q

pituitary gland sections: anterior

A

adenohypophysis
pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia (feotal dev)

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16
Q

pituitary gland sections: posterior

A

neurohypophysis
pars nervosa
infundibulum

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17
Q

blood supply: pituitary gland

A

superior/ inferior hypophyseal arteries (branches of internal carotid aa.)

hypophyseal portal system: primary and secondary capillary plexus

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18
Q

anterior pituitary: general function

A

regulates endocrine glands and some non-endorcrine tissues

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19
Q

list tropic hormones:

A
  • adrenocorticotropic h. (ACTH)
  • thyroid stimulating h. (TSH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinising h. (LH)
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20
Q

list non-tropic hormones:

A 
growth hormones (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
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21
Q

pituitary glands: tissue

A

cells: cords and nests, numerous capillaries

50% chromophobes
50% chromophyles
- acidophils 40%
- basophils 10%

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22
Q

hormone secreted/ features: acidophils

A

somatotropes (GH)
- stimulates growth

lactotropes (PRL)
- lactation

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23
Q

hormone secreted/ features: basophils

A

corticotrope (ACTH)
- stimulate adrenal cortex

gonadotropes (FSH, LH)
- regulates ovary/ testes

thyrotropes (TSH)
- stimulates thyroid

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24
Q

hormone secreted/ features: chromophobes

A
  • unstained/ weakly stained cells
  • most dormant/ recently degranulated chromophils
  • stem cells of secretory cells
25
Q

eg. abnormal amounts of growth hormone

A
  • dwarfism, lil growth hormone: from tumour suppressing, still in proportion
  • gigantism, extra growth hormone: long bones grow more
  • acromegaly: after long bones fuse increase in growth hormone, disproportionate
26
Q

posterior pituitary: general features/ function

A

storage site for neruro-secretions of hypothalamus

- fibroblasts, mast cells, pituicytes (specialised glial cells)

27
Q

posterior pituitary: secretions/ function

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH): resorption of water
  • oxytocin: contraction of smooth muscle in uterus/ myoepithelial cells in breast

contained in neurosecretory vesicles: Herring bodies

28
Q

hypothalamus: features/ function

A

regulates pituitary gland function

  • major control centre for ANS
  • regulates blood pressure, body temp, fluid, electrolyte balance, body weight, appetite
29
Q

hypothalamus hormones:

A

ADH, oxytocin,

- polypeptides control secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

30
Q

location/ features: thyroid gland

A

anterior neck, inferior to thyroid cartilage

  • R/L lobe connected by isthmus/ sometimes 3rd pyramidal lobe
  • surrounded by septa (capsule)
31
Q

thyroid gland: functional unit

A

secretory follicle

32
Q

blood supply: thyroid gland

A

superior (external carotid)/ inferior (thyrocervical trunk) thyroid arteries, thyroid ima artery

33
Q

secretory follicle: features/ function

A
  • simple cuboidal- low columnar epithelium forms wall
  • contain gel-like mass: colloid
  • colloid contains thyroglobulin, inactive storage of T3 T4 hormones
34
Q

list types of thyroid cells

A

follicular cell (principal cell), parafollicular (C) cell

35
Q

features/ secretion: follicular cells

A

spherical nuclei, slightly basophilic cytoplasm,

  • produces T3 (triiodothyronine) T4 (thyroxine) -> regulates cell/ tissue metabolism, heat production, influences body growth/ dev
  • regulated by TSH from ant. pituitary
36
Q

features/ secretion: parafollicular cells

A

periphery of follicular epithelium, larger cells with pale cytoplasm

  • secretes calcitonin (lowers blood Ca levels)
  • regulated by blood Ca levels
37
Q

parathyroid gland: location/ general features

A

2 pairs (superior/inferior) small glands

  • posterior surface of lateral lobes of thyroid
  • has septa (ct capsule)
  • well vascularised
38
Q

list types of cells in parathyroid:

A

chief and oxyphil cells

39
Q

features/ secretion: chief cells

A

more common parathyroid cells, secretes (parathyroid hormone) PTH

  • increases blood Ca/ Mg
  • reduces phosphate
  • with age replaced by adipose cells
40
Q

location/ general features: adrenal glands

A

flattened triangular shaped organs superior to kidneys

  • within ct capsule (trabeculae)
  • 80-90% cortex
  • medulla centre
41
Q

blood supply: adrenal glands

A

superior (inf. phrenic artery), middle (abdominal aorta) and inferior (renal artery) suprarenal arteries

42
Q

adrenal cortex layers:

A

outer-> inner

  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
43
Q

steroid hormones/ function: zona glomerulosa

A

mineralcorticoids:

- aldosteron: regulates Na, K balance, homeostasis, water balance

44
Q

steroid hormones/ function: zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids:

- cortisol: regulate glucose/ fatty acid metabolism

45
Q

steroid hormones/ function: zona reticularis

A

gonadocorticoids:

- weak androgens, masculising effect (insignificant usually)

46
Q

adrenal medulla: features

A

large chromaffin cells in strands or sml clusters (postsynaptic neurons)
- capillaries and venules in intervening spaces

47
Q

adrenal medulla: hormones/ function

A
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • sympathomimetic effect (similar to sympathetic div of ANS)
  • increase heart rate/ blood pressure/ sweating, respiration and decreases digestion
  • fight or flight response
  • glucocorticoids
48
Q

features/ location: pancreas

A

elongated flattened shape,

  • btw duodenum (R)/ spleen (L)
  • both endocrine/ exocrine gland
49
Q

pancreas exocrine part:

A

pancreatic islets of Langerhans scattered among acini

50
Q

blood supply: pancreas

A

splenic artery, pancreatic artery,

  • ant/post. superior pancreaticdiodenal
  • ant/post. inferior pancreaticdiodenal
51
Q

features: islets of Langerhans

A

islets form round/ isolated cell clusters surrounded by fine capsule (reticular fibres)
- network of blood capillaries

52
Q

list pancreas secretions:

A

alpha, beta, delta (D) and F cells

53
Q

secretions: alpha and beta cells

A

a: glucagon- increase blood glucose levels
b: insulin- decrease blood glucose levels, essential for cell growth

54
Q

absence/ inadequate levels of insulin:

A

diabetes mellitus

55
Q

secretions: D and F cells

A

D: somatostatin: inhibits insulin/ glucagon secretion
F: pancreatic polypeptide- inhibits somatostatin (D) secretion, gallbladder contraction, secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas

56
Q

list gonads and type of hormone:

A

ovaries, testes

steroid hormones

57
Q

hormones: ovaries

A

estrogen, progesteron:
regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, promote/ maintain secondary sex characteristic,
- inhibin inhibits secretion of FSH

58
Q

hormones: testes

A

testoterone: stimulates drop of testes, regulates sperm production, maintenance of secondary sex characteristics,
- inhibin

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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