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1. HLTH 108 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system: main features

A
  • has endocrine glands-> secrete hormones into bloodstream/ tissues
  • regulate homeostasis, coordinate growth and development
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2
Q

how does hormones interact general:

A

specific receptors to alter biological activity of target cells

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3
Q

nervous system vs endocrine system general:

A

ns: rapid response, short duration
es: slow response, longer duration

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4
Q

endrocrine glands: general features

A

ductless glands, secretory cells release hormones into blood stream/ tissues to target cells

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5
Q

list main glands:

A

pituitary (hypophysis), pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal

ovaries, testes

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6
Q

hormone secretion happens by:

A

signals from nervous system, chemical change in the blood, other hormones

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7
Q

types of hormones:

A

proteins, steroids, amines

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8
Q

eg of hormone secreting glands: protein

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, enteroendrocrine cells of digestive tract

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9
Q

eg of hormone secreting glands: steroids

A

ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex

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10
Q

eg of hormone secreting glands: amines

A

adrenal medulla, thyroid

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11
Q

steroids are derived from:

A

cholesterol

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12
Q

amines are derived from: and eg

A

amino acids and derivatives, eg: norepinephrine, epinephrine

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13
Q

location/ features: pineal glands

A

posterior extremity of 3rd ventricle (aka epiphysis cerebri)

  • secretes melatonin -> regulates circadian, seasonal biorhythm
  • increases during darkness
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14
Q

location/ features: pituitary gland

A

hypophysis, base of brain sella turcica, connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum

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15
Q

pituitary gland sections: anterior

A

adenohypophysis
pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia (feotal dev)

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16
Q

pituitary gland sections: posterior

A

neurohypophysis
pars nervosa
infundibulum

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17
Q

blood supply: pituitary gland

A

superior/ inferior hypophyseal arteries (branches of internal carotid aa.)

hypophyseal portal system: primary and secondary capillary plexus

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18
Q

anterior pituitary: general function

A

regulates endocrine glands and some non-endorcrine tissues

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19
Q

list tropic hormones:

A
  • adrenocorticotropic h. (ACTH)
  • thyroid stimulating h. (TSH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinising h. (LH)
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20
Q

list non-tropic hormones:

A 
growth hormones (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
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21
Q

pituitary glands: tissue

A

cells: cords and nests, numerous capillaries

50% chromophobes
50% chromophyles
- acidophils 40%
- basophils 10%

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22
Q

hormone secreted/ features: acidophils

A

somatotropes (GH)
- stimulates growth

lactotropes (PRL)
- lactation

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23
Q

hormone secreted/ features: basophils

A

corticotrope (ACTH)
- stimulate adrenal cortex

gonadotropes (FSH, LH)
- regulates ovary/ testes

thyrotropes (TSH)
- stimulates thyroid

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24
Q

hormone secreted/ features: chromophobes

A
  • unstained/ weakly stained cells
  • most dormant/ recently degranulated chromophils
  • stem cells of secretory cells
25
eg. abnormal amounts of growth hormone
- dwarfism, lil growth hormone: from tumour suppressing, still in proportion - gigantism, extra growth hormone: long bones grow more - acromegaly: after long bones fuse increase in growth hormone, disproportionate
26
posterior pituitary: general features/ function
storage site for neruro-secretions of hypothalamus | - fibroblasts, mast cells, pituicytes (specialised glial cells)
27
posterior pituitary: secretions/ function
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH): resorption of water - oxytocin: contraction of smooth muscle in uterus/ myoepithelial cells in breast contained in neurosecretory vesicles: Herring bodies
28
hypothalamus: features/ function
regulates pituitary gland function - major control centre for ANS - regulates blood pressure, body temp, fluid, electrolyte balance, body weight, appetite
29
hypothalamus hormones:
ADH, oxytocin, | - polypeptides control secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary
30
location/ features: thyroid gland
anterior neck, inferior to thyroid cartilage - R/L lobe connected by isthmus/ sometimes 3rd pyramidal lobe - surrounded by septa (capsule)
31
thyroid gland: functional unit
secretory follicle
32
blood supply: thyroid gland
superior (external carotid)/ inferior (thyrocervical trunk) thyroid arteries, thyroid ima artery
33
secretory follicle: features/ function
- simple cuboidal- low columnar epithelium forms wall - contain gel-like mass: colloid - colloid contains thyroglobulin, inactive storage of T3 T4 hormones
34
list types of thyroid cells
follicular cell (principal cell), parafollicular (C) cell
35
features/ secretion: follicular cells
spherical nuclei, slightly basophilic cytoplasm, - produces T3 (triiodothyronine) T4 (thyroxine) -> regulates cell/ tissue metabolism, heat production, influences body growth/ dev - regulated by TSH from ant. pituitary
36
features/ secretion: parafollicular cells
periphery of follicular epithelium, larger cells with pale cytoplasm - secretes calcitonin (lowers blood Ca levels) - regulated by blood Ca levels
37
parathyroid gland: location/ general features
2 pairs (superior/inferior) small glands - posterior surface of lateral lobes of thyroid - has septa (ct capsule) - well vascularised
38
list types of cells in parathyroid:
chief and oxyphil cells
39
features/ secretion: chief cells
more common parathyroid cells, secretes (parathyroid hormone) PTH - increases blood Ca/ Mg - reduces phosphate - with age replaced by adipose cells
40
location/ general features: adrenal glands
flattened triangular shaped organs superior to kidneys - within ct capsule (trabeculae) - 80-90% cortex - medulla centre
41
blood supply: adrenal glands
superior (inf. phrenic artery), middle (abdominal aorta) and inferior (renal artery) suprarenal arteries
42
adrenal cortex layers:
outer-> inner - zona glomerulosa - zona fasciculata - zona reticularis
43
steroid hormones/ function: zona glomerulosa
mineralcorticoids: | - aldosteron: regulates Na, K balance, homeostasis, water balance
44
steroid hormones/ function: zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids: | - cortisol: regulate glucose/ fatty acid metabolism
45
steroid hormones/ function: zona reticularis
gonadocorticoids: | - weak androgens, masculising effect (insignificant usually)
46
adrenal medulla: features
large chromaffin cells in strands or sml clusters (postsynaptic neurons) - capillaries and venules in intervening spaces
47
adrenal medulla: hormones/ function
- epinephrine and norepinephrine - sympathomimetic effect (similar to sympathetic div of ANS) - increase heart rate/ blood pressure/ sweating, respiration and decreases digestion - fight or flight response - glucocorticoids
48
features/ location: pancreas
elongated flattened shape, - btw duodenum (R)/ spleen (L) - both endocrine/ exocrine gland
49
pancreas exocrine part:
pancreatic islets of Langerhans scattered among acini
50
blood supply: pancreas
splenic artery, pancreatic artery, - ant/post. superior pancreaticdiodenal - ant/post. inferior pancreaticdiodenal
51
features: islets of Langerhans
islets form round/ isolated cell clusters surrounded by fine capsule (reticular fibres) - network of blood capillaries
52
list pancreas secretions:
alpha, beta, delta (D) and F cells
53
secretions: alpha and beta cells
a: glucagon- increase blood glucose levels b: insulin- decrease blood glucose levels, essential for cell growth
54
absence/ inadequate levels of insulin:
diabetes mellitus
55
secretions: D and F cells
D: somatostatin: inhibits insulin/ glucagon secretion F: pancreatic polypeptide- inhibits somatostatin (D) secretion, gallbladder contraction, secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas
56
list gonads and type of hormone:
ovaries, testes | steroid hormones
57
hormones: ovaries
estrogen, progesteron: regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, promote/ maintain secondary sex characteristic, - inhibin inhibits secretion of FSH
58
hormones: testes
testoterone: stimulates drop of testes, regulates sperm production, maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, - inhibin

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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