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1. HLTH 108 > Digestive system II > Flashcards

Digestive system II Flashcards

1
Q

general features: stomach

A
  • lesser and greature curvatures

- cardia, fundus, body, pylorus (pyloric antrum, pyloric canal)

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2
Q

stomach: layers

A
  • rugae: longitudinal folds
  • simple columnar epithelium: secretes alkaline mucus, gastric pits, glands
  • muscularis: extra oblique layer
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3
Q

list stomach gland cells:

A
  • mucous neck cels
  • chief cells
  • parietal cells
  • enteroendocrine
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4
Q

stomach gland cells: function

A
  • mucous neck: secrete mucous
  • chief: pepsinogen (pre: pepsin, gastric)
  • parietal: HCl, intrinsic factor
  • enteroendocrine: hormones (seretonin, gastrin, somatostatin)
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5
Q

stomach secretions:

A

mucous, HCl, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase, pepsinogen, gastrin

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6
Q

stomach mechanical digestion: features

A

peristaltic movement: mixing waves, chemical digestion, some absorption (H2O, fatty acids, some drugs)

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7
Q

peptic disease: eg

A
  • injury to wall of stomach
  • helio bacterium invades wall and eats through
  • can cause death
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8
Q

blood supply: stomach

A

from celiac trunk,

  • R/L gastric
  • R/L gastroepiploic
  • short, posterior gastric artery
    veins: accompanying into IVC
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9
Q

innervation: stomach

A
  • vagus: parasympathetic fibres

- sympathetic nerve from celiac ganglia

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10
Q

pancreas: features, ducts, retro/intraperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal
- pancreatic juices (water, salts, sodium bicarb, enzymes, loose ct, capsule, septa

ducts:

  • main pancreatic duct, joins common bile duct (liver) 0> hepatopanceatic ampulla
  • accessory pancreatic ducts
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11
Q

pancreas: secretions, glands

A
  • pancreatic acinar cells
  • proteases, lipases, amylase, phospholipase A2, nucleases
  • alkaline secretion, neutralises stomach contents
  • hormones from enteroendrocrine cells of mucosa in acidic response to acidic chyme -> duodenum
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12
Q

blood supply: pancreas

A
  • splenic artery
  • pancreaticduodenal artery,
  • superior mesenteric artery,
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13
Q

liver: function

A
  • metabolism
  • detoxification
  • bile (yellow-brown, green for water, salts, cholesterol, lecithin, pigment, ions emulsify fat
  • storage
  • phagocytosis
  • activate Vitamin D
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14
Q

liver: location in regions

A

L -> R hypochondriac

  • epigastric
  • covered in dense irregular dense irregular
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15
Q

features: liver

A
  • diaphragmatic, visceral surface
  • lobes: R, L, caudate (inferior)
  • falciform, R. L umbilical ligament R, L coronary

hilum: porta hepatis
- on visceral surface, vessels, hepatic nerve plexus, lymphatics, hepatic ducts

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16
Q

blood supply: liver

A

dual blood supply:

  • hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated, nutrients and other materials from GIT)
  • hepatic artery (oxygenated)
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17
Q

venous/ innervation: liver

A
  • venous drainage (R,L and middle hepatic veins-> IVC)

- innervated: vagus (parasympathetic, sympathetic from greater splanchnic nerves) through celiac ganglia

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18
Q

features: liver (hepatic) lobule- hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids

A
  • portal spaces at periphery, vein in centre
  • hepatocytes: lrg cuboidal -> laminae (liver plates)
  • hepatic sinusoids: lined with discontinuous epithelium, Kupffer cells (detect, engulf bacteria, aged erthryocytes)
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19
Q

features: liver (hepatic) lobule- portal space, blood flow

A
  • portal space-> portal triads: branch of hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct (also lymph vessels)
  • blood flows: portal triad through sinusoidal channels -> central vein -> sub-lobar veins -> inf. vena cava
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20
Q

features: bile canaliculi

A

located in btw hepatocytes

- drain into bile ductules, ductules merge with bile ducts in portal spaces

21
Q

features: bile flow and general

A

bile ductules -> bile ducts -> R,L hepatic duct-> cystic duct -> common bile duct -> duodenum

  • Herring canal: drain bile
    bile made in hepatocytes, collects into bile canaliculi -> stored/used in gall bladder
22
Q

cirrhosis: eg

A

liver regeneration relatively good, but damaged over extent causes cirrhosis

23
Q

features: gall bladder

A

pear shaped

  • fundus, body, neck
  • stores/ concentrates bile
  • inn: celiac plexus and vagus nerve
24
Q

bile used for: made up of?

A

water, electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin

  • bile acids: vital for digestion and absorption of fats
  • waste products removed in bile (esp. cholesterol) converted to bile acids
  • most bile acid reabsorbed and reused
25
Q

system of ducts from liver to duodenum:

A

R, L hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct (liver) -> joins with cystic duct from gall bladder -> common bile duct -> joins with pancreatic duct = hepatopanceatic ampulla -> duodenum

26
Q

small intestine: function and parts

A
  • primary site of absorption (pylorus to ileocecal junction) - duodenum (c shaped)
  • jejunum
  • ileum
27
Q

small intestine: wall layers

A
  • 4 wall layers
  • plicae circulares: mucosa, submucosa folds (x3 SA)
  • vili: projections from mucosa (x10) capillaries, lacteals
  • microvili: plasma membrane projections (x20)
28
Q

mucosa: small intestine

A
  • intestinal glands, crypts of Lieberkühn
  • absorptive (tall col)
  • goblet (mucous)
  • enterendocrine (hormones)
  • M cells (microfold, modified absorptive, found over lymph nodes, carry antigens to MALT)
  • Paneth: antimicrobial lysosymes, base of intestinal glands
29
Q

submucosa: small intestine

A

duodenal Brunner’s glands: alkaline mucous to neutralise acidic chyme from stomach

  • MALT: prominent in small intestine- lymphocytes loose in lamina propria, and between epithelial cells
  • found in mucosa, submucosa (esp ileum)
  • Peyer’s patches create immune barrier
30
Q

small intestine: main blood supply

A
  • celiac trunk -> superior mesenteric artery
31
Q

specialisations: duodenum

A

villi leaf/ ridge shaped

- Brunner’s glands

32
Q

specialisations: jejunum

A

main absorptive site, most complex finger-like villi

33
Q

specialisation: ileum

A

greatest development of gut-associated lymphoid

  • Peyer’s patched
  • leaf like villi
34
Q

large intestine: features, function

A
  • absorb water, inorganic ions, formation of fecal mass
  • caecum, appendix, colon (ascending, hepatic flexure, transverse, left splenic flexure, descending) sigmoid, rectum, anal canal
  • internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle), external anal sphincter (skeletal m)
35
Q

feces: features

A

water, inorganic salts, epithelial cells, bacteria, unabsorbed digested materials, indigestible food

36
Q

large intenstine: teniae coli

A

portions of longitudinal muscles thickened to form 3 bands

37
Q

large intestine: haustra

A

pouches of colon

38
Q

large intestine: omental appendices

A

pouches of visceral peritoneum (filled with fat)

39
Q

surface of mucosa: large intestine

A

simple columnar, relatively smooth

  • no plicae circulares,
  • no intestinal villi
40
Q

large intestine: cells

A
  • absorptive cells (columnar with short microvilli)
  • goblet cells
  • Crypts of Lieberkühn (longer and straighter)
  • bacteria present
41
Q

diarrhoea: eg

A
  • deprives body of water and salt -> severe dehydration
  • water contaminated with feces
  • bad hygiene conditions (food prep, person to person)

treatment:

  • dehydration
  • zinc supplements
  • nutrient rich foods
42
Q

blood supply: large intestine

A
  • superior, inferior mesenteric arteries

- superior, middle, inferior rectal arteries

43
Q

innervation: large intestine

A

sympathetic: celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric plexus
parasympathetic: vagus and pelvic splanchic nerves

44
Q

features: appendix

A

evagination of cecum:

  • abundant lymph follicles
  • shorter intestinal glands, no teniae coli
45
Q

list peritoneum folds:

A
  • greater omentum
  • lesser omentum
  • falciform ligament
  • mesentery
  • mesocolon
46
Q

greater omentum and lesser omentum location:

A

greater:
- attached to stomach and duodenum- transverse colon, covers small intestine

lesser:
- suspends stomach, duodenum from the liver

47
Q

falciform and mesentery location:

A

f. ligament:
- liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

mesentery:
- post abdominal wall to jejunum and ileum

48
Q

mesocolon location:

A

post abdominal wall to transverse and sigmoid colon

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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