Respiratory system Flashcards
structually classify the respiratory system:
upper respiratory:
- nose
- pharynx
lower respiratory:
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
functionally classify the respiratory system:
conductive portion:
- system of tubes carrying air to/from the lungs, conditioning it
- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
respiratory portion:
- gas exchange
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveoli
list all respiratory epithelium: (6) and features
- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (rich goblet c.)
- ciliated columnar
- mucous goblet (glycoprotein)
- basal (small, round stem)
- brush (microvilli)
- small granule (numerous granules, neuroendocrine system)
most common respiratory epithelium found where:
most of conductive portion of respiratory system:
- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with goblet cells
external nose: nasal bones
bridge: cartilage
- septal nasal cartilage
- lateral
- greater
- lesser alar
nostrils:
external nares
nasal vestibule features:
- divided by septum
- superior portion: mucous mem.-> respiratory epithelium
- hairs (vibrissae)
- sebaceous, sweat glands
- filters large particles
- continuous with skin of face
list external portions of nose
nasal bones, opening, nasal vestibule
list internal portions of nose:
nasal cavity, conchae, opening of paranasal sinuses, nasolacrimal duct, vascular system, internal nares (choane)
nasal cavity: features
divided by septum, covered in mucous membrane
conchae features/ function:
superior: olfactory region
middle, inferior: increase SA of nasal cavity, create turbulence-> warming, cooling and filtration of air
olfactory epithelium: features/ function
chemoreceptors: smell
cells:
- supporting: sustentacular cells for mechanical, metabolic support
- basal
- olfactory: olfactory receptors -> respond to odoriferous substances dissolved in serous covering of epithelium
Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands
pharynx: general features/ location
13cm long tube connecting nasal/oral cavities/larynx (oesophagus)
- wall of skeletal muscle, lined by mucous membrane,
- passageway for food, air
name regions of pharynx:
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
features: nasopharynx
btw post. nasal cavity and soft palate
- openings for auditory (eustachian) tubes, pharyngeal tonsil
- lined with respiratory epithelium
features: oropharynx
double passage
- palatine, lingual tonsils
- lined: stratified squamous epithelium
features: laryngopharynx
double passage
- begins at level of hyoid bone
- anterorinferiorly to larynx
- posteroinferiorly to oesophagus
- lined: stratified squamous epithelium
what are tonsils general:
accumulation of lymphoid tissue
list/ locate tonsils:
- lingual: post. to tongue
- palatine: inf. to soft palate
- pharyngeal: near eustachian tube, back roof
larynx features:
- connects laryngopharynx with trachea
- midline of neck
- anterior to oesophagus (C4-C6)
- superior part of larynx/ vocal folds- stratified squamous epithelium
- inferior part- respiratory epithelium
9x cartilage= wall
list larynx wall: features and pairs
- mainly hyaline cartilage, ligaments, intrinsic/extrinsic muscles
- thyroid c.
- epiglottis
- cricoid c.
- arytenoid (2)
- corniculate (2)
- cuneiform (2)
cartilage location/features: thyroid
anterior wall, connected to hyoid -> thyrohyoid membrane
cartilage location/features: epiglottis
narrow inferior part, attached to thyroid c. and hyoid bone
- closes glottis: folds (vocal chords) of mucous mem.
- space btw rima glottidis (elastic cartilage)
cartilage location/features : cricoid
complete ring forming interior wall
- cricothyroid/ cricotracheal ligaments
- tracheostomy done here (incision: obstruction to airways)
cartilage location/features: ayrtenoid
posterosuperior border of cricoid
cartilage location/features: corniculate
horn shaped, apex of arytenoid
cartilage location/features: cuneiform
anterior to corniculate, support vocal cords, epiglottis
name two pairs of folds (mucous membrane):
ventricular folds
vocal folds
ventricular folds: features
false vocal cords, superior
- space in btw: rima ventriculi
vocal folds: features
true vocal cords, contains elastic ligament
- moved by intrinsic muscles of larynx (posterior, lateral, cricoarytenoid)
- space in btw: rima glottidis
vocal folds of larynx: function
- control airflow, allow production of sound
- contain skeletal muscle, and ligaments
trachea: general features
12 cm tube, anterior to oesophagus from larynx to superior border of T5
- divides into R/L primary bronchi
name layers in trachea wall:
mucosa, submucosa, media, adventitia
mucosa and submucosa made of:
m: respiratory epithelium, ct
sm: areolar tissue (seromucous glands)
media and adventitia made f:
m: 16-20 incomplete C rings of hyaline c., completed by fibromuscular membrane, trachealis muscle (smooth)
a: areolar tissue, joins trachea with surrounding tissue
primary bronchi: features
main bronchi,
- incomplete ring of cartilage
- R bronchi more vertical, shorter, wider
secondary bronchi: features
lobar bronchi:
- 3 R bronchi
- 2 L bronchi
tertiary bronchi: features
segmental bronchi:
- 10 per lung
- bronchopulmonary segment
blood supply: bronchi
bronchial arteries
list whole flowchart of bronchial tree: largest- smallest
primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi-> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli
transitions of cells in bronchial tree:
- tall pseudostratified ciliated columnar (bronchioles) -> simple non-ciliated cuboidal (terminal bronchioles) with macrophage present
- plates of cartilage replace incomplete rings in primary b. -> disappear in smallest bronchioles
- decrease in cartilage = increase in smooth muscle tissue
- goblet cell numerous in trachea -> decrease until absent in terminal bronchioles (Clara cells)
lungs: general features
paired organ, in thoracic (plural) cavity
- surrounded by pleura (serous mem.)
- parietal and visceral mem.
lungs: surfaces and borders
base (near diaphragm), apex (superior to clavicle), costal (anterior), mediastinal -> hilum: primary bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics = root
anterior, inferior, posterior border
L lung features:
10% smalller
- cardiac notch
- oblique fissure: superior/inferior lobes
R lung features:
thicker, broader, shorter
- oblique and horizontal fissure: sup/middle/inf lobes
respiratory bronchioles include:
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
alveolus: general features/ function
gas exchange, saclike invaginations
- simple squamous epithelium
- surrounded by network of capillaries
- macrophage
types of alveolus cell:
Type I:
95% of surface
- thin, allow gas exchange, organelles grouped around nucleus, few mitochondria
Type II:
- cuboidal, non-ciliated
- rich in mitochondria
- make surfactant: reduces surface tension, prevents alveolar collapse during expiration
- facilitates expansion during inspiration
list parts of respiration:
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation:
inhalation/exhalation
- exchange air btw air spaces of lungs and environment
external respiration:
air spaces of lungs and pulmonary capillaries
internal respiration:
systemic capillaries and cells
respiration definition:
pressure difference btw lungs and atmosphere
inhalation features:
inspiration: decrease alveolar pressure -> increase of lungs
- contraction of diaphragm and elevation/ outward movement of ribcage
- from intercostal muscles, accessory muscles of inspiration
inhalation muscles:
sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis major
exhalation features:
reverse, increase of alveolar pressure
