Skeletal muscle Flashcards

1
Q

muscles attach via:

A

tendons

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2
Q

types of attachment to bone: and eg

A

origin: attach to stationary bone
insertion: attach to moveable bone

Brachii muscle originates: mid humerus, inserts into ulna over elbow

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3
Q

types of contraction:

A

isotonic: muscle changes length
- concentric (shortens)
- eccentric (lengthens)

isometric: no change in length

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4
Q

concentric eg:

A

c. contraction

picking up book

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5
Q

eccentric eg:

A

lowering book

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6
Q

isometric eg:

A

holding book steady straight arm forwards

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7
Q

list parts of lever system:

A

Lever, Fulcrum, Effort, Load

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8
Q

Lever:

A

rigid structure that moves around fixed point

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9
Q

Fulcrum:

A

fixed point lever moves around

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10
Q

Effort:

A

force which causes movement

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11
Q

Load:

A

(resistance), a force which opposes movement

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12
Q

general eg of lever system:

A

lever- bone
fulcrum- joint
effort- muscles
load- internal/ external (gym weight)

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13
Q

mechanical advantage:

A

L closer to F

E further from F

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14
Q

mechanical disadvantage:

A

L farther from F

E closer to Fulcrum

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15
Q

first class lever: adv/disadv? common?

A

Effort-Fulcrum-Load
both disadv/adv

not common

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16
Q

second class lever: adv/disadv? common?

A

Fulcrum-Load-Effort
always mechanical adv.

not common

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17
Q

third class lever: adv/disadv? common?

A

Fulcrum-Effort-Load
always mechanical disadv.

predominant due to greater range in the body

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18
Q

list classification of fascicles:

A

parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, pennate

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19
Q

fascicle features: parallel

A

fascicles nearly parallel to long axis of muscle, flat tendons on either end

strap muscle

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20
Q

fascicle features: fusiform

A

f. nearly parallel to long axis of muscle, wide belly and tapers near ends -> tendons

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21
Q

fascicle features: circular

A

concentric circular arrangements, form sphincter muscles, enclose orifice

22
Q

fascicle features: triangular

A

fascicles spread over broad area, converge at thick central tendon, triangle shape

23
Q

parallel eg.

A

sartorius muscle

24
Q

fusiform eg.

A

digastric muscle

25
Q

circular eg.

A

orbicularis oculi muscle

26
Q

triangular eg.

A

pectoralis major muscle

27
Q

fascicle features: and list types pennate

A

short fascicles in relation to muscle length, tendon extends nearly whole length of muscle

  • unipennate
  • bipennate
  • multipennate
28
Q

features: unipennate and eg

A

fascicles arranged on only one side of tendon

intercostals

29
Q

features: bipennate and eg

A

fascicles on both sides of central tendon

rectus femoris muscle

30
Q

features: multipennate and eg

A

fascicles attached obliquely from many directions -> several tendons

deltoid muscle

31
Q

prime mover:

A

agonist, muscle producing movement

32
Q

antagonist:

A

opposite movement to agonist

33
Q

synergist:

A

neutralises extra motion from agonist, stabilises intermediate joints, less effort for movement

34
Q

fixators:

A

stabilise origin of agonist

35
Q

compartments:

A

group of muscles with common function together with associated neurovascular components

36
Q

fascial expression: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

fascial nerve, FOR facial expression

around eyes, forehead, nose, mouth, cheek, chin, neck

37
Q

mastication: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

trigeminal nerve (mandibular division), FOR mastication (chewing)

temporal area, side jaw near ear, in btw. mouth, around mouth

38
Q

abdomen: muscles (if needed) and nerve/s (if needed)

A

thoracic spinal n nerves,

FOR flexion of trunk

connected by rectus sheath (ct., aponeurosis btw)

  • rectus abdominis: 6 pack
  • external oblique: (external layer, down diagonal towards midline) side of r.a
  • internal oblique: (middle layer, upward medial) under ext. oblique
  • transversus abdominis: (inner layer, horizontal) under int. oblique
39
Q

respiration: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

respiration, external/internal intercostals (btw. ribs) elevate ribs

FOR respiration

diaphragm:

  • innervated by phrenic nerve
  • flattens when breath in (increase thoracic cavity vol.)
  • openings for oesophagus, inferior vena cava, aorta
40
Q

back: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar spinal nn.

FOR erection of spine, posture

erector spinae: muscle either side of vertebrae

41
Q

pectoral girdle and thorax: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

pectoralis major: pecs

deltoid: shoulder muscle
trapezius: 2x triangular shape muscle, neck/upper back

42
Q

anterior compartment of the arm: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

(upper limb), musculocutenous nerve (both muscle and skin of ant. comp.)

FOR flexion

  • biceps brachii
    (long/short head- laterally/ medially)
43
Q

posterior compartment of the arm: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

(upper limb), radial nerve

FOR extension

  • triceps brachii (lateral/long/medial head- outside/upper inside/lower inside)
44
Q

anterior compartment of the forearm: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

(upper limb) median and ulnar nerve

FOR flexion of wrist and fingers

45
Q

hand: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

ulnar and median nn.

FOR fine movement of fingers, precision grip

  • thenar eminence (thumb muscles)
  • hypothenar eminence (pinky muscles)
46
Q

gluteal region: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

(superficial, lower limb)

FOR lateral rotation of thigh

  • gluteus medius (middle layer)
  • gluteus maximus (superficial)
  • gluteus minimus (deep)
47
Q

anterior compartment of thigh: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

(lower limb), femoral nerve

FOR extension of knee (opposite to anterior of arm)

  • quadraceps
48
Q

medial compartment of thigh: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

(inner thigh) obturator nerve

FOR adduction of the hip

49
Q

posterior compartment of thigh: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

tibial and common fibular (from sciatic) nn.

  • hamstrings

FOR extension of hip, flex knee

50
Q

anterior compartment of leg: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

(lower limb), deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

FOR dorsiflexion of ankle joint

51
Q

lateral compartment of leg: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

(lower limb), superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

FOR eversion of foot

52
Q

posterior compartment of leg: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

A

tibial nerve (calf)

FOR plantar flexion

  • calcaneal tendon (‘achilles’)