Skeletal muscle

Question 1

muscles attach via:

Answer 1

tendons

Question 2

types of attachment to bone: and eg

Answer 2

origin: attach to stationary bone
insertion: attach to moveable bone

Brachii muscle originates: mid humerus, inserts into ulna over elbow

Question 3

types of contraction:

Answer 3

isotonic: muscle changes length
- concentric (shortens)
- eccentric (lengthens)

isometric: no change in length

Question 4

concentric eg:

Answer 4

c. contraction

picking up book

Question 5

eccentric eg:

Answer 5

lowering book

Question 6

isometric eg:

Answer 6

holding book steady straight arm forwards

Question 7

list parts of lever system:

Answer 7

Lever, Fulcrum, Effort, Load

Question 8

Lever:

Answer 8

rigid structure that moves around fixed point

Question 9

Fulcrum:

Answer 9

fixed point lever moves around

Question 10

Effort:

Answer 10

force which causes movement

Question 11

Load:

Answer 11

(resistance), a force which opposes movement

Question 12

general eg of lever system:

Answer 12

lever- bone
fulcrum- joint
effort- muscles
load- internal/ external (gym weight)

Question 13

mechanical advantage:

Answer 13

L closer to F

E further from F

Question 14

mechanical disadvantage:

Answer 14

L farther from F

E closer to Fulcrum

Question 15

first class lever: adv/disadv? common?

Answer 15

Effort-Fulcrum-Load
both disadv/adv

not common

Question 16

second class lever: adv/disadv? common?

Answer 16

Fulcrum-Load-Effort
always mechanical adv.

not common

Question 17

third class lever: adv/disadv? common?

Answer 17

Fulcrum-Effort-Load
always mechanical disadv.

predominant due to greater range in the body

Question 18

list classification of fascicles:

Answer 18

parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, pennate

Question 19

fascicle features: parallel

Answer 19

fascicles nearly parallel to long axis of muscle, flat tendons on either end

strap muscle

Question 20

fascicle features: fusiform

Answer 20

f. nearly parallel to long axis of muscle, wide belly and tapers near ends -> tendons

Question 21

fascicle features: circular

Answer 21

concentric circular arrangements, form sphincter muscles, enclose orifice

Question 22

fascicle features: triangular

Answer 22

fascicles spread over broad area, converge at thick central tendon, triangle shape

Question 23

parallel eg.

Answer 23

sartorius muscle

Question 24

fusiform eg.

Answer 24

digastric muscle

Question 25

circular eg.

Answer 25

orbicularis oculi muscle

Question 26

triangular eg.

Answer 26

pectoralis major muscle

Question 27

fascicle features: and list types pennate

Answer 27

short fascicles in relation to muscle length, tendon extends nearly whole length of muscle

• unipennate
• bipennate
• multipennate

Question 28

features: unipennate and eg

Answer 28

fascicles arranged on only one side of tendon

intercostals

Question 29

features: bipennate and eg

Answer 29

fascicles on both sides of central tendon

rectus femoris muscle

Question 30

features: multipennate and eg

Answer 30

fascicles attached obliquely from many directions -> several tendons

deltoid muscle

Question 31

prime mover:

Answer 31

agonist, muscle producing movement

Question 32

antagonist:

Answer 32

opposite movement to agonist

Question 33

synergist:

Answer 33

neutralises extra motion from agonist, stabilises intermediate joints, less effort for movement

Question 34

fixators:

Answer 34

stabilise origin of agonist

Question 35

compartments:

Answer 35

group of muscles with common function together with associated neurovascular components

Question 36

fascial expression: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 36

fascial nerve, FOR facial expression

around eyes, forehead, nose, mouth, cheek, chin, neck

Question 37

mastication: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 37

trigeminal nerve (mandibular division), FOR mastication (chewing)

temporal area, side jaw near ear, in btw. mouth, around mouth

Question 38

abdomen: muscles (if needed) and nerve/s (if needed)

Answer 38

thoracic spinal n nerves,

FOR flexion of trunk

connected by rectus sheath (ct., aponeurosis btw)

• rectus abdominis: 6 pack
• external oblique: (external layer, down diagonal towards midline) side of r.a
• internal oblique: (middle layer, upward medial) under ext. oblique
• transversus abdominis: (inner layer, horizontal) under int. oblique

Question 39

respiration: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 39

respiration, external/internal intercostals (btw. ribs) elevate ribs

FOR respiration

diaphragm:

• innervated by phrenic nerve
• flattens when breath in (increase thoracic cavity vol.)
• openings for oesophagus, inferior vena cava, aorta

Question 40

back: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 40

cervical, thoracic, lumbar spinal nn.

FOR erection of spine, posture

erector spinae: muscle either side of vertebrae

Question 41

pectoral girdle and thorax: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 41

pectoralis major: pecs

deltoid: shoulder muscle
trapezius: 2x triangular shape muscle, neck/upper back

Question 42

anterior compartment of the arm: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 42

(upper limb), musculocutenous nerve (both muscle and skin of ant. comp.)

FOR flexion

• biceps brachii
  (long/short head- laterally/ medially)

Question 43

posterior compartment of the arm: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 43

(upper limb), radial nerve

FOR extension

• triceps brachii (lateral/long/medial head- outside/upper inside/lower inside)

Question 44

anterior compartment of the forearm: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 44

(upper limb) median and ulnar nerve

FOR flexion of wrist and fingers

Question 45

hand: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 45

ulnar and median nn.

FOR fine movement of fingers, precision grip

• thenar eminence (thumb muscles)
• hypothenar eminence (pinky muscles)

Question 46

gluteal region: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 46

(superficial, lower limb)

FOR lateral rotation of thigh

• gluteus medius (middle layer)
• gluteus maximus (superficial)
• gluteus minimus (deep)

Question 47

anterior compartment of thigh: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 47

(lower limb), femoral nerve

FOR extension of knee (opposite to anterior of arm)

• quadraceps

Question 48

medial compartment of thigh: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 48

(inner thigh) obturator nerve

FOR adduction of the hip

Question 49

posterior compartment of thigh: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 49

tibial and common fibular (from sciatic) nn.

• hamstrings

FOR extension of hip, flex knee

Question 50

anterior compartment of leg: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 50

(lower limb), deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

FOR dorsiflexion of ankle joint

Question 51

lateral compartment of leg: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 51

(lower limb), superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

FOR eversion of foot

Question 52

posterior compartment of leg: muscles (if needed), nerve/s (if needed)/ general location/ function

Answer 52

tibial nerve (calf)

FOR plantar flexion

• calcaneal tendon (‘achilles’)