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1. HLTH 108 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

blood: general features/ function

A

specialised ct.

  • transport, regulation, protection
  • plasma (l) + erthrocytes (RBC) + leukocytes (WBC) + platelets
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2
Q

heart location:

A

in mediastinum, 2/3 left to midline, btw sternum, verterbral column, 1st rib, diaphragm and lungs

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3
Q

heart surfaces:

A
  • base: posterior surface
  • apex: directed anterior/ inferior to the left
  • anterior surface: sternum and ribs
  • inferior surface: diaphragm
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4
Q

pericardium: features/ function

A

anchors heart in place, with freedom to move
- fibrous (outer) layer: tough, inelastic, dense irregular ct

pericardial fluid in btw layers

  • serous (inner) layer: parietal (outer), visceral (epicardium, inner)
  • pericardial cavity filled with pericardial fluid
  • reflected at the root of great vessels
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5
Q

heart wall layers:

A

epicardium: external, thin, visceral layer of serous pericardium
- mesothelium and ct.

myocardium: middle, cardiac muscle (95% of wall), thicker this layer = harder working

endocardium: inner, thin layer
- endothelium and ct.

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6
Q

chambers of the heart:

A

receiving chambers: (blood into heart)
L/R atrium, with auricles (pouches on anterior surface, increase V)

(blood away from heart)
pumping chambers: L/R ventricles

sulci: (grooves/ channel)
- coronary (atrioventricular) btw atria/ventricles
- anterior/posterior interventricular (btw ventricles)

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7
Q

Right atrium: features/ function

A
  • deoxygenated blood from inferior/ superior vena cava (upper body) and coronary sinus (heart itself)
  • posterior wall: smooth
  • anterior wall: rough (muscular ridges, musculi pectinati, auricle)
  • interatrial septium (btw atria)
  • fossa ovalis (remnants from foramen ovale)
  • right atrioventricular orifice closed by R atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) -> divides R atria/ventricle
  • 3 parts, prevent backflow
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8
Q

Right ventricle: features/ function

A
  • pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary trunk (artery), pulmonary (semilunar) valve
  • thick outer muscular walls: interventricular septum
  • inner wall/surface: muscular ridges- trabecular carne
  • cusps of tricuspid valve connected to papillary muscles -> chordae tendineae (open and close valves)
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9
Q

Left atrium: features/ function

A

received oxygenated blood from four pulmonary veins

  • smooth walls
  • left atrioventricular orifice (hole) closed by L atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)
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10
Q

Left ventricle: features/ function

A
  • blood passes to ascending aorta-> aortic (seminlunar) valve
  • THICKEST wall
  • trabeculae carne, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae
  • ligamentum arteriosum (from foetal heart: ductus arteriosus) btw pulmonary trunk and aorta
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11
Q

list fibrous skeleton:

A

dense ct. connected to each other

  • pulmonary fibrous ring
  • aortic fibrous ring
  • R atrioventricular fibrous ring
  • L atrioventricular fibrous ring
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12
Q

cardiac conduction system:

A

systole: contraction
diastole: relaxation

autorhythmic fibres pacemaking, self excitable

  • autonomic nervous system/ some hormones can modify timing/ strength of heartbeat

(SA) synoatrial node (near R atrium) –> (AV) atrioventricular node (btw R atrium/ ventricle) –> AV bundle (b. of His) (conduction from atria to ventricles) –> R/L bundle branches (intraventricular septum near apex) –> Purkinje fibres from apex across ventricles

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13
Q

list blood vessel types:

A

arteries: elastic, muscular, arterioles

capillaries

veins: large, medium, venules

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14
Q

list blood vessel layers:

A 
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa (adventitia)
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15
Q

tunica intima:

A

innermost layer, thin mesothelium, basement membrane,

  • internal elastic lamina (attaches to next layer)
  • fenestra: openings for transport (esp. arteries)
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16
Q

tunica media:

A

middle layer, smooth muscle and elastic tissue (eg. elastic arteries
- external elastic lamina

17
Q

tunica externa:

A

adventitia:

  • outer layer, ct
  • holds blood vessels in place
  • vasa vasorum: blood supply for artery wall
  • nervi vascularis: autonomic nerves for artery wall
18
Q

general features of arteries and veins:

A
  • both frequently travel together
  • arteries: blood AWAY from heart, round shape, more smooth muscle/ elastic tissue than comparable veins
  • veins: blood TOWARDS heart, irregular shape, may have valves, harder to see tunic layers, more veins than arteries (superficial and deep)
19
Q

joining of blood vessels:

A

anastomose

20
Q

elastic arteries: features/ function

A

conducting, large

  • aorta and large branches
  • well defined internal/external laminae
  • intima relatively thick
  • media thick, smooth m. separated by lamellae of elastic tissue
  • externa: underdeveloped, thinner than media
21
Q

muscular artieries: features/ function

A

distrubuting, medium

  • more smooth m. less elastic fibres than elastic a.
  • intima: relatively thin, prominent internal elastic lamina
  • media: prominent smooth m. thin elastic lamina
  • externa: thicker than media
22
Q

arterioles: features/ function

A
  • intima: unlikely internal elastic lamina
  • media: very thin, 1-2 cell layers of smooth m.
  • externa: thin, poorly defined ct.
23
Q

capillaries: features/ function

A

smallest blood vessel diameter

  • anastomose freely, interchange btw blood/tissues
  • intima: endothelium and basal lamina, surrounded by pericytes, endothelial cells

continuous or fenestrated/discontinuous
- no media/externa

24
Q

continuous/ fenestrated endothelium:

A 
continuous capillary (most common)
- no fenestrae, pynocytotic vesicle

fenestrated capillary:

  • few locations: most endocrine glands, glomeruli in kidney, sinusoids of liver
  • large fenestrae in walls, covered by diaphragm (thinner than cell membrane)
25
Q

venules: features/ function

A

often with arterioles,

  • intima: endothelium, basement membrane, pericytes
  • media: from 0-2 layers of smooth muscle
  • externa: none to limited loose ct. and elastic fibres
26
Q

veins: features/ function

A

larger lumen, thinner walls than arteries

  • no external/internal laminae, can’t sustain high pressure
  • intima: thinner than arteries, may have valves, ct. rich in elastic fibres covered by endothelium
  • media: thinner than arteries, smooth muscle, few elastic fibres/ collagen
  • externa: ct. with elastic/ collagen fibres, thicker than media
27
Q

varicose vein?

A

damaged tunica, leaking valves which cant close

28
Q

list aorta parts:

A

ascending, arch, descending (divides into L/R common iliac) -> thoracic and abdominal

29
Q

branches: ascending and arch of aorta

A

ascending (2): R/L coronary arteries (in sulcus)

arch (3):
brachiocephalic trunk–>
- R common carotid (R side of head/ neck)
- R subclavian artery (R upper limb)

  • L common carotid artery (L side of head/neck)
  • L subclavian artery (L upper limb)
30
Q

descending branches:

A 
thoracic aorta (7)
abdominal aorta (8)
31
Q

principal veins:

A

superior vena cava: begins at level of 1st costal cartilage (drains head, neck, chest and upper limbs)
- union of R brachiocephalic

inferior vena cava: 5th lumbar vetebra (drains abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs)
- union of L/R common iliac veins

32
Q

brain:

A

internal carotid + vertebral aa. = cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)

33
Q

venus dural sinuses:

A
  • superior sagittal: initial drain of brain/skull blood
  • inferior sagittal
  • L/R transverse
  • L/R sigmoid (internal jugular veins L/R)
34
Q

upper limb:

A

subclavian, axillary (armpit), brachial, radial and ulnar

35
Q

lower limb:

A

external iliac, femoral, popliteal, anterior/ posterior tibial, fibular

36
Q

coronary arteries:

A

supply myocardium: branches of ascending aorta
- L coronary artery: anterior interventricular (ventricle walls), circumflex (L atrium/ventricle)

  • R coronary artery: posterior interventricular (ventricle walls), marginal (R ventricle)
37
Q

coronary veins:

A

coronary sinus: drains into R atrium

  • great cardiac vein (drains into L/R ventricles and L atrium)
  • middle cv. L/R ventricles
  • small cv. R atrium and ventricle
  • anterior cv. R ventricle

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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