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1. HLTH 108 > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone tissue?

A

rigid, well vascularised with high mineral content, collagen fibres

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2
Q

types of bone tissue and brief info:

A
  • compact (dense), hard outer portion

- spongy (cancellous trabecular), porous highly vascularised inner portion

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3
Q

bone function: and eg.

A
  • support/ framework: for attachment of soft tissue (muscles) for movement
  • protection: of soft tissue/organs (cranium, vertebral column, rib cage, pelvis)
  • hematopoiesis: blood cell formation, red bone marrow
  • fat and mineral storage: (medullary cavity, yellow bone marrow) (calcium, phosphorus)
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4
Q

how many bones at birth vs adult?

A

infants: 270
adult: 206 (approx.)

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5
Q

define sutural bones

A

small bones from fusing of bones (eg. in skull)

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6
Q

define sesamoid bones: and eg.

A

bones developed in tendons responding to physical stress

- not completely ossified eg. patella, pisiform

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7
Q

eg of each classification of bone:

A

long: humerus
short: trapezoid
flat: sternum
irregular: vertebra
sesamoid: patella

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8
Q

long bones: main features and function

A

longer than wide, main bone of limbs, often curved

- used to sustain weight, provide levers for muscles,

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9
Q

list main long bones of the body (9):

A

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges

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10
Q

shaft of long bone:

A

diaphysis:

  • cylinder of compact bone around inner cavity, outer surface is surrounded by layer connective tissue (periosteum)
  • most long bones have nutrient foramen (hole) for arteries
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11
Q

medullary cavity:

A

yellow bone marrow, lined with connective tissue layer (endosteum)

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12
Q

epiphysis:

A

end of bone, with spongy tissue, red bone marrow and articular cartilage (prevent friction)

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13
Q

metaphyses:

A

between diaphysis/ epiphysis, fusion point

- growing bone: has epiphyseal (growth) plate of hyaline cartilage (longitudinal growth) = epiphyseal line

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14
Q

short bones: features, function, eg.

A

equal length/width or cuboidal, covered by thin layer of compact bone

  • transfer forces of movement
  • carpal (wrist), tarsal (ankle) bones
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15
Q

short bones: features/ function/ eg.

A

equal length/width or cuboidal, covered by thin layer of compact bone

  • transfer forces of movement
  • carpal (wrist), tarsal (ankle) bones
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16
Q

flat bones: features/ function/eg

A
  • broad surface: for muscle attachment, protection
  • irregularly articular surface
  • spongy bone (dipploë) between compact bone layers (external/ internal table)
  • cranial (skull) bones, ribs, scapular
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17
Q

irregular bones: features/ function/ eg.

A

varied complex, peculiar shape

  • many surfaces for muscle attachment/ articulation
  • varied amount of spongy/ compact bone
  • eg. vertebrae, calcaneus (heel bone), some skull bones
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18
Q

axial skeleton: function

A

provide axis (midline) of body/ support, protecting organs of head, neck and trunk

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19
Q

axial skeleton bones:

A

skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, rib cage, sternum, vertebral column

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20
Q

appendicular skeleton: function

A

bones of free upper and lower limbs, and girdles connecting to axial

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21
Q

appendicular skeleton bones:

A
  • pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapular),
  • free upper limb (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges),
  • pelvic girdle (coxa),
  • free lower limb (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
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22
Q

list cranial bones: (paired?)

A

frontal (1), parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital (1), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)

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23
Q

list facial bones: (paired?)

A

lacrimal (2), nasal (2), maxillae (2), zygomatic (2), palatine (2), inferior nasal conchae (2), mandible (1), vomer (1)

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24
Q

frontal bone: features

A

front of cranium, contain frontal sinus (paranasal sinus)- covered in mucus membrane

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25
Q

parietal bone: features

A

upper sides/ roof of skull, coronal suture (btw. frontal/ parietal), sagittal (btw. parietal bones)

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26
Q

list temporal bone parts:

A

squamous, tympanic, styloid process, mastoid process, petrous

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27
Q

squamous part: features

A

cheekbone:

zygomatic process, zygomatic arch

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28
Q

tympanic part:

A

ear:

external acoustic meatus (ear canal)

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29
Q

styloid process:

A

thin bone projects inferiorly

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30
Q

mastoid part:

A

mastoid process, bone behind ear

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31
Q

petrous part:

A

floor of cranium: transverse plane

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32
Q

occipital bone: features

A

posterior/ base of skull, separated by lambdoid suture (btw. parietals)

  • foramen magnum (hole for spinal cord)
  • occipital condyles (crests) covered in articular cartilage
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33
Q

sphenoid bone:

A

butterfly shape, anterior/ middle base of skull,

  • (sphenoidal sinus) paranasal sinus
  • greater and lesser wing
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34
Q

ethmoid bone:

A

between your eyes/orbits,
anterior portion of floor, part of eye, septum
- ethmoid sinus (paranasal)
- superior/ middle nasal conchae

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35
Q

cranial base section:

A

anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa

36
Q

anterior cranial fossa: bones

A

frontal (anteriorly)
ethmoid (middle)
body + lesser wings of sphenoid (posteriorly)

37
Q

middle cranial fossa: bones

A
  • sella turcica- pituary gland (medially)
  • greater wings (sphenoid)
  • sqaumous (laterally)
  • petrous (posteriorly)
38
Q

posterior cranial fossa: bones

A

mainly occipital

39
Q

facial bones: upper jaw

A

maxilla:

(alveolar process) support teeth, hard palate, nasal cavity, orbits, large maxillary sinus

40
Q

facial bones: palatine

A

posterior of hard palate, part of orbit and nasal cavity

41
Q

facial bones: zygomatic

A

zygomatic process + temporal process, zygomatic arch

lateral contours of face, of orbit

42
Q

facial bones: lacrimal

A

btw. ethmoid and nasal/maxilla bone

medial wall of the orbit

43
Q

facial bones: nasal

A

nose bridge

44
Q

facial bones: inferior nasal concha

A

scroll-like bone projecting horizontally/medially from lateral wall of nasal cavity

  • humidifies air, traps particles
45
Q

vomer:

A

lower part of nose, flat, part of septum

46
Q

mandible:

A

lower jaw,
ramus, body, angle

condylar process (covered in articular cartiliage) part of joint

coronoid process (beak-like)

47
Q

list skull cavities: and brief function

A
  • cranial (1 300-1 350 cubic cm)
  • nasal: nasal fossae (divided by nasal septum), 4 paranasal sinus (in bones) lessen skull weight, resonance chambers (voice)
  • middle/inner ear cavities,
  • orbits,
  • oral (buccal) cavity
48
Q

define/list fontanels: and locations

A

soft spots of infant skull, plates of cartilage (mesenchyme)

  • anterior (1) btw. parietal/ frontal
  • posterior (1) btw. parietal/ occipital
  • anterolateral (2) btw. frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid
  • posterolateral (2) parietal, occipital, temporal
49
Q

auditory ossicles:

A

transmit sound impulses

- malleus, incus, stapes (hammer, anvil, stirrup)

50
Q

hyoid bone:

A

not attached to other bone, inferior to mandible

suspended from styloid process by stylohyoid muscles/ ligaments, supporting the tongue

51
Q

how many vertebrae in vertebral column?

A

33 -> 26 vertebrae

52
Q

vertebral column regions + no. of bones in each:

A 
cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacrum (5 joined up)
coccyx (4 joined up)
53
Q

list vertebral column curves:

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

54
Q

primary vertebral curves

A

CONCAVE: posterior

thoracic, sacral

55
Q

secondary vertebral curves:

A

CONVEX: anterior

cervical, lumbar

56
Q

vertebral curve: function

A

increase strength, maintain balance in upright position, absorb shocks, protect vertebrae from breaks

57
Q

vertebrae main features: superior view

A
  • spinous process (posterior),
  • body (anterior) hold most of weight, vertebral foramen,
  • transverse process (attaching ligaments etc.),
  • lamina,
  • pedicle (btw. transverse/ body)
58
Q

vertebrae: superior/inferior articular facet

A

articulate/ connect to rest of the vertebrae,

59
Q

vertebrae main features: lateral view (excl. superior view mentioned)

A
  • superior/ inferior vertebral notch
  • superior/ inferior articular facet
  • superior facet
  • inferior demifacet
  • facet for articular part of tubercle of rib (only in thoracic)
60
Q

list atypical vertebrae:

A

Atlas (C1)

Axis (C2)

61
Q

Atlas differences:

A
  • larger vertebral foramen + 2 transverse foramen in t. processes (only in cervical vertebrae)
  • flat at base of skull
  • lateral mass (with condyles)
62
Q

Axis difference:

A 
bony dens (allow rotation of head)
- short
63
Q

characteristics of vertebrae: cervical

A

small, 1 vertebral + 2 transverse foramen, often bifid (split into 2) spinous process, no facets for ribs, thick intervertebral discs relative to body size

64
Q

characteristics of vertebrae: thoracic

A

larger, 1 vertebral foramen, long spinous process (most project inferiorly), has articular facets for ribs, thin intervertebral discs relative to body sixe

65
Q

characteristics of vertebrae: lumbar

A

largest vertebrae, 1 vertebral foramen, short/blunt spinous process, no articular facets for ribs, massive intervertebral discs

66
Q

thoracic cage: features

A

both bone and cartilaginous structures

  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • costal cartilage
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • sternum
67
Q

ribs: division features

A

true (1-7): direct attachment to sternum -> by costal cartilage

false (8-10): cartilage attached to rib superior

floating (11-12): no connection -> muscle and tissue

68
Q

typical rib features:

A

head, neck, tubercle, shaft

  • costal groove: muscle attachment
  • body: main large part
  • superior/ inferior facets
69
Q

sternum features:

A
  • manubrium (only rib 1 connects here)
  • body
  • xiphoid process
70
Q

pectoral girdle: list/ which skeleton?

A

appendicular: clavicle and scapula

71
Q

pelvic girdle: list/ which skeleton?

A

appendicular: os coxae

72
Q

scapula main parts:

A

spine (posteriorly), supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, coracoid process, acromion, superior/inferior angle, glenoid cavity (lateral) (connects to humerus)

73
Q

clavicle main parts:

A

sternal end (flat), acromial end (thinner), conoid tubercle

74
Q

humerus main parts:

A

head (assos. glenoid cavity) or usually articulation point, anatomical neck (head-> shaft), surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity (rough, attach- muscle), medial/lateral condyle (has art. cartliage),

75
Q

radius main parts:

A

thumb side, thicker

  • flat side head
  • neck
  • radial tuberosity
  • styloid process
76
Q

ulna main parts:

A

pinky side, looks thinner anteriorly

  • head opposite radius
  • trochlear notch (U-shaped)
  • olecranon
  • styloid process
  • ulnar tuberosity
77
Q

list carpal bones/ how many:

A

8, trapezoid, trapezium, pisiform, lunate, scaphoid, capitate, triquetrum

78
Q

list metacarpal bones/ how many

A

5 (I - V from thumb)

79
Q

list phalanges/ how many:

A

14, singular- phalanx

  • 2 for thumb
  • 3 for rest of fingers
80
Q

pelvis:

A

pair of os coxae, connected to sacrum and coccyx by cartilage

81
Q

os caxae bones: and main parts

A

ilium. ischium, pubis
- acetabulum: articulate with femur
- sciatic notch

82
Q

femur main parts:

A

shaft, neck, head, medial/ lateral condyles, medial/ lateral epicondyles, greater/ lesser trochanter (ONLY in femur)- large bony projection,

83
Q

tibia main parts:

A
  • most medial
  • head
  • medial malleolus (larger styloid process)
  • interosseous membrane btw.
  • anterior border (crest)
84
Q

fibular main parts:

A
  • most lateral
  • lateral malleolus (larger v- styloid process)
  • interosseous membrane btw.
85
Q

foot bones: and how many

A
  • tarsal bones (7): calcaneus, talus-> tibia,
  • metatarsal bones (5)
  • phalanges (14): 2 for big toe, 3 in other digits

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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