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Anatomy & Physiology - Kuntzman > Somatic Senses and Special Senses 19 > Flashcards

Somatic Senses and Special Senses 19 Flashcards

1
Q

List our Somatic senses

A

Tactile: touch, pressure, vibration
Thermal (warm, cold)
Pain
Proprioception (joint, muscle position sense; movements of limbs, head)

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2
Q

Conscious or subconscious awareness of change in external or internal environment. What does this feedback loop require

A

Stimulus
Sensory receptor
Neural pathway
Brain region for integration

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3
Q

What senses are included in Rapid adaptation

A

pressure, touch, smell

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4
Q

Which senses are included in slow adaptation

A

pain, body position, chemical levels in blood

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5
Q

__________ decreased receptor response during prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

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6
Q

Which type of sensory receptors feel Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch receptors

A

Free nerve endings

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7
Q

Which type of sensory receptors feel Touch pressure, and vibration

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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8
Q

Which type of sensory receptors feel Hair cells in inner ear & Photoreceptors in retina of eye

A

Separate, specialized cells:

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9
Q

What are Mechanoreceptors

for

A

Cell deformation: stretching or bending

Touch, pressure, vibration

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10
Q

What are Nociceptors for

A

pain

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11
Q

Which senses use Chemoreceptors

A

taste, smell

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12
Q

Which type of receptors use Osmoreceptors

A

osmotic pressure of body fluid

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13
Q

Where in the body are somatic receptors densely distributed

A

Fingertips, lips, tip of tongue

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14
Q

What kind of touch receptors rapidly adapt for touch

A

Meissner corpuscles

Hair root plexuses: detect hair movement

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15
Q

What kind of touch receptors slowly adapt to touch

A

Type I mechanoreceptors: Merkel discs or tactile discs
Surface receptors: in epidermis
Type I mechanoreceptors: Ruffini corpuscles
Deep in dermis and tendons

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16
Q

Pressure receptors

A

Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
rapidly adapting
Widely distributed: in dermis, subcutaneous, around joints, tendons, muscles, periosteum

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17
Q

What kind of receptors respond to Vibration

A

Response to rapidly repetitive stimuli

Receptors: Meissner and pacinian

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18
Q

Itch:

A

chemical stimulation of free nerve endings

Bradykinin from inflammation response

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19
Q

Tickle:

A

from free nerve endings and pacinian corpuscles
Tickle requires stimulus from outside of self
Effects of attempts to tickle oneself are blocked by signals to/from cerebellum

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20
Q

How many kinds of thermoreceptors are there

A

2

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21
Q

Thermal sensations

Where are the cold receptors located, and at what temperature do they detect

A

Cold receptors: 10˚-40˚ C (50-105˚ F):

Located in epidermis

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22
Q

Thermal sensations

Where are the warm receptors located, and at what temperature do they detect

A

Warm receptors: 32˚-48˚ C (90-118˚ F):

Located in dermis

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23
Q

Outside of the ranges at which the thermoreceptors work, what happens if temperatures varie beyond that range

A

Outside these ranges: nociceptors detect pain

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24
Q

Nociceptors:

A

Free nerve endings in every tissue except brain
Can respond to any excessive stimulus
Minimal adaptation

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25
Q

Types of pain

A

Fast pain: acute, sharp pain
Well localized
Slow pain: chronic, burning, aching, throbbing
More diffuse (not localized)

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26
Q

What are the three types of olfactory cells

A

Olfactory receptors
Consist of olfactory hairs with chemoreceptors
These are first order neurons of olfactory pathway
Supporting cells
Epithelial cells: support, protect
Basal cells: stem cells that produce new neurons (receptors) throughout life

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27
Q

In the olfactory pathway, what are first order neurons

A

Olfactory receptors are neurons in nasal mucosa
Axons form olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I)
Extend through cribriform plate into cranium to olfactory bulb

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28
Q

In the olfactory pathway, what are second order neurons

A

Neuron cell bodies in olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract: axons extend from olfactory bulb to cerebral cortex (temporal lobe)

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29
Q

List the three types of papillae

A

Vallate (posterior)
Fungiform (all over)
Filiform: touch receptors only

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30
Q

Gustatory receptor cells

A

Gustatory hair projects from receptor through taste pore

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31
Q

Basal cells

A

Stem cells that produce supporting cells that develop into receptor cells (10 day life span)

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32
Q

What are the 3 different types of epithelial cells of the taste bud

A

Supporting cells that surround
Gustatory receptor cells
Basal cells

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33
Q

What is the sequence of events during the stimulation of a taste receptor

A

Tastant dissolves in saliva 
Enters taste pore  contacts gustatory hair 
Electrical signal produced 
Causes gustatory cell to release neurotransmitter
That activates dendrites of first-order neurons

34
Q

What are the gustatory pathways from sensation to the brain

A 
Cranial nerves transmit impulses
Facial (CN VII) from anterior of tongue
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) from posterior 
Vagus (CN X) from pharynx, epiglottis
To medulla oblongata
 Thalamus  primary gustatory area of cerebral cortex
 Limbic system or hypothalamus
35
Q

Through which passageway could tears get to your nasal passages

A

Lacrimal canals  lacrimal sac  nasolacrimal duct  nasal cavity

36
Q

What are the protective sources for the eyesÉ

A

Eyebrows, eyelashes: protection

37
Q

What is the purpose of eyelids

A

protection and lubrication (blinking)

38
Q

list the extrinsic muscles of the eyes

A

Superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique

39
Q

Describe the pathway from creation of tears to the surface of the eye

A

Lacrimal glands  lacrimal ducts  surface of upper eyelid  surface of eye 

40
Q

of the eye, define

Choroid

A

lines most of internal surface of eye

Contains blood vessels that nourish the eye

41
Q

In the eye, the

Ciliary body consists of

A

Ciliary processes: secrete aqueous humor

Ciliary muscles: changes lens shape for focusing

42
Q

What is the Smooth muscle that dilates or constricts pupil

A

iris

43
Q

The retina is composed of 2 layers, what are they

A

Neural layer

Pigmented layer

44
Q

of the eye,

what is in the neural layer

A

Photoreceptor layer: rods and cones
Bipolar cell layer
Ganglion cell layer: axons of neurons here form optic nerve (CN II) that exits eye at optic disc (“blind spot” since no rods/cones here)

45
Q

of the eye what is the pigment layer

A

helps absorb stray light

Between choroid and neural layer

46
Q

rods

A

black-and-white vision; 120 million

47
Q

cones

A

color sensitive; 6 million cones

48
Q

list the 3 types of cones

A

3 types: sensitive to blue, green or red light

49
Q

where do the majority of cones reside in the eye

A

Cones mostly in central fovea in center of macula lutea

Point of highest visual acuity (sharpness)

50
Q

vision hits the back of our eyes, what layers does it travel through before the info is sent down the optic nerve

A

Photoreceptor cells (rods or cones) 
Bipolar layer 
Ganglion cells; their axons form optic nerve

51
Q

What are the 2 cavities of the eyes and what are they filled with

A

Anterior cavity filled with aqueous humor

Vitreous chamber: filled with gellike vitreous body (not replaced)

52
Q

Refraction

A

(bending) of light rays to focus them on retina

53
Q

Accommodation

A

change of lens shape to focus for near (or far) vision

54
Q

Constriction

A

(narrowing) of pupil to control amount of light entering the eye

55
Q

Convergence of eyeballs:

A

for binocular vision

56
Q

Myopia

A

(nearsightedness): can see near but not far objects.

Eyeball is too long so lens cannot accommodate enough to focus images of distant objects onto retina.

57
Q

in order to see distant objects what must the ciliary muscles do

A

ciliary muscle relaxes  flat lens

58
Q

for closeup vision, what does the ciliary muscle do

A

ciliary muscle contracts  fat lens (rounder = more convex)

59
Q

Hyperopia

A

(farsightedness): can see far but not near.

Eyeball is too short so lens cannot accommodate enough to focus images of near objects onto retina.

60
Q

Astigmatism:

A

irregular curvature of cornea or lens

61
Q

Presbyopia:

A

aging change  loss of elasticity of lens  farsightedness  reading glasses

62
Q

Disorders of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia can potentially be corrected by what

A

These disorders can be corrected with lenses or LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis)

63
Q

how does the eye converge

A

Eyes rotate inward for binocular vision

By contraction of extrinsic eye muscles

64
Q

Vitamin A deficiency decreases ___________ production and leads to night blindness.

A

rhodopsin

65
Q

In rods light is absorbed by a photopigment _____________ which splits into _______________ and leads  receptor potential.

A

rhodopsin

opsin + retinal

66
Q

decussation

A

1 : the action of crossing (as of nerve fibers) especially in the form of an X. 2 : a crossed tract of nerve fibers passing between centers on opposite sides of the nervous system.

67
Q

What is in the outer ear

A

auricle, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Canal contains hairs and ceruminous glands

68
Q

what is comprises of the middle ear

A 
auditory tube (eustachian tube) and ossicles (bones)
Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes: attached to oval window)
69
Q

list the names of the middle ear bones

A

Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes: attached to oval window)

70
Q

What is comprised of the inner ear

A

bony labyrinth + membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph
Cochlea: sense organ of hearing ,
Vestibule and semicircular canals: organs of balance

71
Q

What does the vestibule consist of

what is it for

A

Two sacs: utricle and saccule

for balance

72
Q

what are the 3 levels of the cochlea

A

Cochlear duct: membranous, has endolymph
Contains spiral organ (sensory organ for hearing)
Above: scala vestibuli: ends at oval window
Below: scala tympani: ends at round window

73
Q

What affects our perception of pitch,

where is that located

A

wavelength

location in cochlea

74
Q

what affects the perception of volume

A

loudness or intensity of waves

75
Q

Static equilibrium:

A

senses position relative to gravity

As when head is tilted or a car is speeding up or slowing down

76
Q

Dynamic equilibrium:

A

senses position in response to head movement

As in spinning movements

77
Q

what are cerumen glands

A

excrete wax

78
Q

what is our sense organ of hearing

A

cochlea

79
Q

of the ear, where does the vestibular banch of C8 go to

A

vestibule and semicircular canals

80
Q

of the ear, where does the cochlear banch of C8 go to

A

the cochlea

81
Q

where is static equilibrium sensed

A

Sensed in maculae of utricle and saccule

Anatomy & Physiology - Kuntzman (28 decks)

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