Chapter 26 The Digestive System

Question 1

Four layers from lower esophagus to anus

Answer 1

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa: visceral layer of peritoneum

Question 2

Three pairs of salivary glands

Answer 2

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

Question 3

Salivary amylase (enzyme) breaks down what into what?

Answer 3

polysaccharides (starch)  maltose and larger fragments

Question 4

Salivary amylase (enzyme) breaks down polysaccharides (starch) for how long

Answer 4

Continues in the stomach for about an hour until acid inactivates amylase

Question 5

What are the four regions of the stomach

Answer 5

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

Question 6

Empty stomach lies in folds called

Answer 6

rugae

Question 7

What kind of cells line the stomach wall

Answer 7

Epithelium: simple columnar; glands secrete mucus

Question 8

what do parietal cells secrete

Answer 8

HCl and intrinsic factor

Question 9

what do chief cells secrete

Answer 9

inactive enzyme pepsinogen

Question 10

G cells secrete what

Answer 10

gastrin (hormone) into blood

Question 11

Stomach Wall has Four Layers list them

Answer 11

Mucosa,
secretory cells
musclaris
serous membrane - serosa

Question 12

List the three layers of the muscularis of the stomach and their fibre direction

Answer 12

Outer: longitudinal
Middle: circular
Inner: oblique (extra layer not in other organs) provides for efficient gastric contractions

Question 13

Mesentery:

Answer 13

attaches small intestine to posterior wall of abdomen and provides route for vessels

Question 14

what digests protein

Answer 14

Pepsin (pepsinogen + HCl) digests protein  peptides (small chains of amino acids)

Question 15

which cells produce the pancreatic juice

Answer 15

acinar cells

Question 16

what is the bile production and pathway?

Answer 16

Hepatocytes (liver cells) make bile -> Bile canaliculi -> bile ducts -> hepatic duct -> Gallbladder (green, pear-shaped organ that stores bile) -> Cystic duct -> common bile duct -> duodenum

Question 17

Functions of bile

Answer 17

Emulsification: breaking apart clusters of fats so they are more digestible
Absorption of fats

Question 18

Formation and recycling of bile

Answer 18

Bilirubin from heme when RBCs broken down
Bile is digested  stercobilin: gives feces brown color
Bile salts reabsorbed into blood in small intestine (ileum)  portal vein  liver

Question 19

Polysaccharide stored in liver as ____________

Answer 19

glycogen

Question 20

what are the seven functions of the liver

Answer 20

Carbohydrate metabolism; Lipid metabolism; Protein metabolism; Removes many harmful substances from blood; Excretion of bilirubin; Stores fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK) and minerals (Fe, Cu); activates vitamin D

Question 21

what is the end of the small intestine

Answer 21

Ends in ileocecal sphincter (in RLQ)