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Anatomy & Physiology - Kuntzman > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers, what are they?

A

nEndoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm

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2
Q

All connective tissue and most muscle tissues derive from______________

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

Nervous tissue develops from_____________

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells. What are the 5 most common types:

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Adherens junctions
  3. Desmosomes
  4. Hemidesmosomes
  5. Gap junctions
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5
Q

Tight junctions

A

Web-like strands of transmembrane proteins

  • Fuse cells together
  • Seal off passageways between adjacent cells
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6
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Dense layer of proteins called plaque

  • Resist separation of cells during contractile activities
  • Located inside of the plasma membrane attached to both membrane proteins and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
  • Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins insert into the plaque and join cells
  • In epithelial cells, adhesion belts encircle the cell
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7
Q

Desmosomes

A

Contain plaque and cadherins that extends into the intercellular space to attach adjacent cells together

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8
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Resemble half of a desmosome

  • Do not link adjacent cells but anchor cells to the basement membrane
  • Contain transmembrane glycoprotein integrin
  • Integrins attach to intermediate filaments and the protein laminin present in the basement membrane
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9
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Connect neighboring cells via tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons

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10
Q

_____________ consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers

A

Epithelial tissue

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11
Q

What are the 3 major functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Selective barrier
  2. secretory suface
  3. protective surface
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12
Q

Epithelial Cells

Where would one find the apical surface?

A

faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen, or duct

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13
Q

Epithelial cells

there are 3 surfaces of epithelial cells, list them

A
  1. Apical surface
  2. lateral surface
  3. basal surface
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14
Q

Epithelial Cells

Where would one find the lateral surface?

A

faces adjacent cells

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15
Q

Epithelial Cells

Where would one find the basal surface?

A

opposite of the apical layer and adheres to extracellular materials

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16
Q

Basement membrane

A

Thin double extracellular layer that serves as the point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue

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17
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption

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18
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • Appears to have multiple layers because cell nuclei at different levels
  • All cells do not reach the apical surface
  • found in: upper respratory & ducts of many glands
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19
Q

Stratified epithelium

A
  • Two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in areas of wear and tear
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20
Q

squamous cells

A
  • Thin cells, arranged like floor tiles
  • Allows for rapid passage of substances
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21
Q

cuboidal cells

A
  • As tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons
  • May have microvilli
  • Function in secretion or absorption
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22
Q

Columnar Cells

A
  • Much taller than they are wide, like columns
  • May have cilia or microvilli
  • Specialized function for secretion and absorption
23
Q

Transitional cells

A
  • Cells change shape, transitioning from flat to cuboidal
  • Organs such as urinary bladder stretch to larger size and collapse to a smaller size
24
Q

Where would one find simple squamous epithelium?

A

at sites for filtration or diffusion

lining of the small intestine

25
Q

Where would one find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

thyroid gland and kidneys

function in secretion and absorption

26
Q

Where would one find columnar epithelium?

A

non ciliated:

  • Contains columnar cells with microvilli at their apical surface and goblet cells
  • Secreted mucus serves as lubricant for the lining of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts

Ciliated:

  • in the falopian tubes
  • in the small intestine
27
Q

How you name the epithelial tissue depends on what?

A

the shape of the cells in the apical layer

28
Q

Where would one find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

in the vagina

29
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium, where would one find that?

A
  • rare type
  • found in the esphagus
  • functions as protection
30
Q

where is transitional epithelium found?

A
  • only in the urinary system
  • relaxed = cuboidal
  • stretched = squamous
  • ideal for hollow structure subject to expansion
31
Q

Glandular Epithelium: Endocrine Glands

A
  • Secretions, called hormones, diffuse directly into the bloodstream
  • Function in maintaining homeostasis
  • Examples include thyroid gland
32
Q

____________ is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body

A

connective tissue

33
Q

list some of the functions of connective tissue

A
  • Binds tissues together
  • Supports and strengthen tissue
  • Protects and insulates internal organs
  • Compartmentalize and transport
  • Energy reserves and immune responses
34
Q

___________ is the material located between the cells

A

Extracellular matrix

35
Q

What are the three types of fibers?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
36
Q

List the 5 types of mature connective tissue?

A
  1. loose connective
  2. dense connective
  3. cartilage
  4. bone
  5. liquid connective
37
Q

What are they two types of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Dense regulare
  2. Elastic
38
Q

What kind of conective tissue runs in bundles of collagen fibers arranged in parallel patters for strenght?

A

dense regular connective tissue

39
Q

Give an example where elastic connective tissue resides in the body

A
  • lungs
  • arteries
40
Q

What is the difference between dense regular & dense irregular connective tissue?

A

physical arrangement

41
Q

Which connective tissue is hard to heal?

A

cartilage because there is no blood vessel supply

42
Q

What is the most abundant cartilage in the body?

A

Hylene

  • surronded by perichondrium
  • provies flexibility 7 support
  • reduces friction
43
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage found?

A

found in intervertebral discs

  • strongest typed of cartilage
  • lacks perichondruim
44
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A
  1. Interstitial - from within tissue
  2. Appositional - outer surfaces
45
Q

___________ are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.

A

Membranes

46
Q

_____________ are a combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.

  • Mucous, Serous, and Cutaneous membranes
A

Epithelial membranes

47
Q

What lines joints and contains connective tissue but not epithelium

A

Synovial membranes

48
Q

Serous membranes

A
  • Line body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior
  • Covers the organs that lie within the cavity
  • Consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that secretes a serous fluid for lubrication
49
Q

Synovial membranes

A
  • Line the cavities of freely movable joints
  • Lack epithelium
  • Synoviocytes secrete synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the cartilage in the joint
50
Q

What are the three types of muscleÉ

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
51
Q

What are the distingushing factors to identify skeletal muscle

A
  • Striations
  • movment voluntary
  • shape: cylindrical, various length )up to 40 cm in lenght)
52
Q

How do you identify cardia muscle tissueÉ

A
  • has striations
  • invlountary movment
  • intercalcated disk
53
Q

How does one identify smooth muscle tissue

A
  • found in walls of hollow internal structures
  • non-striated
  • involuntary control
54
Q

What typ types of nervous tissue is there

A
  1. neurons
  2. neuroglia

Anatomy & Physiology - Kuntzman (28 decks)

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