Chapter 24The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

Defenses present at birth

Answer 1

Innate

Question 2

_______ does not involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all microbes int he same way

Answer 2

Innate

Question 3

Does innate immunity have a memory component

Answer 3

no

Question 4

What are some of the components of innate immuiity

Answer 4

First line of defense: physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucose mb
Second line of defense: antimicrobial substance, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation and fever

Question 5

__________________ refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses

Answer 5

Adaptive immunity

Question 6

What are some of the general characteristics of adaptive immunity

Answer 6

Slower, specific & has a memory

Lymphocytes: T-cells & B-cells

Question 7

lymphatic system - what tissue / organs does it consist of

Answer 7

consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels and a number of structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue and red bone marrow

Question 8

What are the 3 primary functions of the Lymphatic system

Answer 8

Draining excess interstitial fluid from tissue and blood; Transporting dietary lipids and lipid solube vitamins (A, D, E and K) absorbed in the intestines; carrying out immune responses

Question 9

how does the fluid move through the lymphatic system

Answer 9

Pressure will force fluid in: Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump
Valves

Question 10

Located at intervals along lymphatic vessels are ___________ masses of B cells and T cells that are surrounded by a capsule

Answer 10

lymph nodes

Question 11

How much fluid per day does the lymphatic system filter per day

Answer 11

20L / day

Question 12

Each day about _______ liters of fluid and solutes are drained and returned into the blood by lymph circulation

Answer 12

3

Question 13

______________ cells in the lymph nodes and Spleen phagocytize invading cells

Answer 13

Macrophage

Question 14

_________________ in the lymph nodes and spleen produce antibodies that mark and desroy foreign antigens and cells

Answer 14

B lymphocyte

Question 15

What is unique about the capillary’s walls

Answer 15

their structure permits fluid from the surrounding space to flow into capillary but not out of it

Question 16

When there is edema in the tissues, what do the anchoring filaments do to find homeostasis in the system

Answer 16

The anchoring filaments pull the endothelial cells slightly apart allowing more fluid to flow into the lymphatic capillary

Question 17

_____________ drains the upper right side of the body

Answer 17

Right lymphatic duct

Question 18

How does lymph return to the blood

Answer 18

through the lymphatic ducts

Question 19

Where do the lymphatic ducts drain into

Answer 19

into the right and left subclavian veins

Question 20

Where do - stem cells divide & develop into mature B & T-cells

Answer 20

Red bone marrow & thymus

Question 21

Sites where most immune responses occur

Answer 21

Lymph nodes, spleen & lymphatic nodules

Question 22

Location of the Thymus

Answer 22

Posterior to sternum, medial to lungs & superior to heart

Question 23

Immature T cells migrate from the red bone marrow to the _________ where they multiply and begin to mature

Answer 23

thymus

Question 24

where are there a higher concentration of lymph nodes

Answer 24

Concentrated near mammary glands, axilla & groin

Question 25

What do lymph nodes contain

Answer 25

Contain mature B-cells, T-cells dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 26

What is the purpose of lymph nodes

Answer 26

Filter lymph, trap foreign substances | Macrophages & lymphocytes destroy most foreign substances

Question 27

What does the Spleen contain

Answer 27

Contains blood filled venous sinuses and RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes plasma cells & granular leukocytes

Question 28

What are some of the functions of the spleen?

Answer 28

Removal by macrophages of worn or defective blood cells & platelets; Storage of platelets; production of red blood cells during fetal life

Question 29

Interferons

Answer 29

Interfere with viral reproduction in a cell produced by lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts when they are infected by a virus. this message is send to uninfected neighboring cells where they stimulate synthesis of proteins which interfere with viral replication

Question 30

Complement System

Answer 30

Enhance other immune actions - allergic and inflammatory reactions Break cell membranes - tear holes in plasma mb causing cytolysis chemotaxis - attracting phagocytes Opsonization - Tag microbial cells for destruction

Question 31

Transferrin

Answer 31

bind iron to inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing the mount of available iron

Question 32

Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)

Answer 32

lyse microbes | attract dendritic cells and mast cells

Question 33

Which type of immune cells phagocytoze

Answer 33

neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer cells

Question 34

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Answer 34

Destroy microbes & tumor cells | Present in lymph nodes & red bone marrow

Question 35

When there is tissue damage, what is the first response of the body

Answer 35

mast cells, basophils & platelets release histamine. Which causes increased permeability & vasodilation in blood vessels. T

Question 36

Once mast cells, basophils and platelets have released histamine in response to tissue damage, what is the next step in tissue repair

Answer 36

clotting proteins get into the tissue. Fibrinogen isolates the bacteria behind the clot - attempt to isolate pathogenic factors

Question 37

once the fibinogen has gone to work setting the clot, what is the next step in tissue repain

Answer 37

Phagocytes attracted to site | Neutrophils & macrophages eat foreign particles then they die

Question 38

After the clean up crew of neutrophils and macrophages have died, what is the next step in tissue repair

Answer 38

pus forms from dead cells and damaged tissue forms. The pus moves to body surface or into cavity & is cleared

Question 39

fever

Answer 39

An abnormally high body temperature that occurs because the hypothalamus thermostat is reset

Question 40

Interleukin-1

Answer 40

released from macrophages | fever causing substance

Question 41

Lymph from the right side of the upper body, how does it get back into the blood system?

Answer 41

R. lymphatic duct then into the Right subclavian vein

Question 42

Lymph from the left side of the upper body, how does it get back into the blood system?

Answer 42

into the thoracic duct then into the L subclavian vein

Question 43

What are the primary lymphatic organs

Answer 43

Thymus and Red bone marrow

Question 44

List the secondary lymphatic organs

Answer 44

lymph nodes, splee and lymphatic nodules

Question 45

What is happening in the thymus

Answer 45

T cells divide and mature, self reactive cells are removed

Question 46

What happens in the lymph nodes

Answer 46

Filter lymph, trap foreign substances: macrophages and lymphocytes destroy most foreign substances

Question 47

What is contained in the spleen

Answer 47

blood filled venous sinues and RBC, macrophages, lymphocytes plasma cells and granular leukocytes

Question 48

What kind of action is happening in the spleen

Answer 48

destruction of worn out or defective blood cells and platelets, stores platelets

Question 49

Interferons

Answer 49

interfere with viral reproduction in a cell

Question 50

Compliment system

Answer 50

enhanse other immune responses, break cell mb, attract phagocytes, tag microbial cells for destruction

Question 51

Transferrins

Answer 51

bind iron and starve bacteria

Question 52

antimicrobial peptides

Answer 52

lyse microbes

Question 53

____________ involves cell or antibody directed against a particular antigen

Answer 53

adaptive immunity

Question 54

The maturation of B cells occur where?

Answer 54

Bone marrow

Question 55

The maturation of T cells occur where?

Answer 55

Thymus

Question 56

what does B cells produce?

Answer 56

antibodies

Question 57

MHC

Answer 57

major histocompatability complex

Question 58

What does MHC do

Answer 58

self antigens on cell surface,

Question 59

most abundant antibody found in the blood, protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins and triggering the compliment system. Only class of antibody to cross the placenta

Answer 59

IgG

Question 60

IgG

Answer 60

most abundant antibody found in the blood, protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins and triggering the compliment system. Only class of antibody to cross the placenta

Question 61

IgA

Answer 61

found in sweat, tears, saliva, breast milk and GI secretions. provides localized protection of mucus membranes

Question 62

found in sweat, tears, saliva, breast milk and GI secretions. provides localized protection of mucus membranes

Answer 62

IgA

Question 63

IgM

Answer 63

secreted by plasma cells after initial exposure to any antigen. Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes.

Question 64

secreted by plasma cells after initial exposure to any antigen. Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes.

Answer 64

IgM

Question 65

IgD

Answer 65

surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors, involved in activation of B cells

Question 66

surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors, involved in activation of B cells

Answer 66

IgD

Question 67

IgE

Answer 67

located on mast cells and basophils. Allergic responses and hypersensitivity reactions. Protection from parasitic worms

Question 68

located on mast cells and basophils. Allergic responses and hypersensitivity reactions. Protection from parasitic worms

Answer 68

IgE