Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards by Anna Bundschuh

Each upper limb has ___ bones

With 2 seperate regions what are they?

The pectoral (shoulder) girdle (2 bones)
The free (moveable) part (30 bones)

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How many carpal bones are in each hand?

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How many metacarpals & phalanges in each hand?

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The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum forming the___________

sternoclavicular joint

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Clavicle

The lateral end articulates with the acromion forming the________________

acromioclavicular joint

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Of the pectoral girdle, what are the palpable landmarks?

Palpable landmarks include:

spine of the scapula,
acromion,
coracoid process,
supraspineous fossa,
infraspineous fossa,
subscapular fossa
glenoid cavity

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Acromion

– the flattened lateral portion of the spine of the scapula

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Coracoid process

a protruding projection on the anterior surface just inferior to the lateral aspect of the clavicle

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Subscapular fossa

the depression on the anterior side of the scapula (attachment for the subscapularis muscle)

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Feature of the scapula

Spine

Spine – a large process on the posterior of the scapula that ends laterally as the acromion

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Feature of the scapula

Supraspinous fossa

Supraspinous fossa – the depression above the spine (attachment for the supraspinatus muscle)

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Feature of the scapula

Infraspinous fossa

Infraspinous fossa – the depression below the spine (attachment for the infraspinatus muscle)

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Feature of the scapula

Glenoid cavity

Glenoid cavity – shallow concavity that articulates with the humerus

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Scapula - Features

Where is the medial (vertebral) border

The medial (vertebral) border - closest to the vertebral spine

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Scapula - Features

Where is the Lateral border

Lateral border - closest to the arm

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Scapula feature

Where is the superior border

superior edge

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Scapula - features

where is the inferior angle?

where the meidal and lateral bordgers meet inferiorly

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Scapula features,

where is the superior angle

the uppermost aspect of scapula where midal morder meets superior border

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What is the longes and larges bone of the free part of the upper limb?

Humerus

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The humerus

The proximal ball-shaped end articulates with the________________

glenoid cavity of the scapula

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The humerus

The distal end articulates at the elbow with the_______________

radius and ulna

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The head of the humerus has 2 unequal-sized projections. What are they

1) The greater tubercle lies more laterally
2) The lesser tubercle lies more anteriorly

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Where on the humberous does the biceps brachii tendon lie

Between the tubercles lies the intertubercular groove or sulcus (bicipital groove)

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On the humerus, where does the deltoid tendon lie

mid-shaft on the lateral aspect is a roughened area, the deltoid tuberosity where the deltoid tendon attaches

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Humerus - surface features what is the capitulum

a round knob like process on the lateral distal humerus

Humerus - surface features Trochlea

medial to the capitulum, is a spool-shaped projection on the distal humerus

Humerus - Surface Features Coronoid fossa

Coronoid fossa - anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during forearm flexion

Humerus - Surface Features Olecranon fossa

Olecranon fossa - posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna during forearm extension

Humerus - Surface Features The __________ and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are bony projections to which the forearm muscles attach

medial lateral epicondyles

Of the forearm, which bone is longer

Ulna

Skeleton of the Forearm - Ulna Olecranon

Olecranon - the large, prominent proximal end, the “tip of your elbow”

Skeleton of the Forearm - Ulna Coronoid process

Coronoid process - the anterior “lip” of the proximal ulna

Skeleton of the Forearm - Ulna Trochlear notch

the deep fossa that receives the trochlea of the humerus during elbow flexion

Skeleton of the Forearm - Ulna Styloid process

Styloid process - the thin cylindrical projection on the posterior side of the ulna’s head

The head of the radius articulates with what

The head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna

Radial tuberosity

- medial and inferior to neck, attachment site for biceps brachii muscle

the Radius The head (disc-shaped) and neck are where

at the proximal end

the styloid process of the radius is where

Styloid process - large distal projection on lateral side of radius

The shaft of the ulna and radius are connected by what

interosseus membrane

Distally, the head of the ulna articulates with the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

ulnar notch of the radius

Proximally, the head of the radius articulates with the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

radial notch of the ulna

What are the 8 small capal bones of the hand called

2 rows of carpal bones 1) Proximal row - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform 2) Distal row - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Of the hand bones the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most commonly fractured often by falling on an outstretched hand

scaphoid

The most commonly dislocated bone in the hand is the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and this may actually take longer to heal than the broken scaphoid

lunate

Each coxal bone consists of how many bones name them

Each coxal (hip) bone consists of 3 bones that fuse together: ilium, pubis, and ischium

The 2 coxal bones are joined anteriorly by the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)

Each coxal bone is joined posteriorly by the sacrum forming the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

sacroiliac joints

of the coxal bones, which is largest

Ilium

Of the ilium, describe the acetabulum

the inferior body which forms the acetabulum (the socket for the head of the femur)

on the Ilium where is the hip pointer

Hip pointer - occurs at anterior superior iliac spine

Ischium

inferior and posterior part of the hip bone

What is the most prominent feature of the Ischium

the ischial tuberosity, is the part that meets the chair when you are sitting

Pubis

inferior and anterior part of the hip bone

Pelvic brim

- a line from the sacral promontory to the upper part of the pubic symphysis

True pelvis

- the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim, has an inlet, an outlet and a cavity

What is distinctively different about a male pelvic bone

* bone are larger and heavier * pelvic inlet is smaller and heart shaped * pubic arch is less than 90 degrees

What is distinctively different about a female pelvis

* wider and shallower * Pubic arch is greater than 90° * More space in the true pelvis

Which bone is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body

Femur

Proximally, the head of the femur articulates with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of the hip bone forming the hip (coxal) joint

acetabulum

Distally, the medial and lateral condyles articulate with the ______________ forming the knee joint

condyles of the tibia Also articulates with patella via the patellar tendon (ligament)

Which bones to the acetabulum consist of

All three Pubis, Iliac & Ischium

On the femur, what are the greater and lesser trochanters for

Greater and lesser trochanters are projections where large muscles attach

On the femur, what are the gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera for

Gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera - attachment sites for the large hip muscles

on the femur intercondylar fossa

depression between the condyles

femur medial and lateral epicondyles

muscle site attachments for the knee muscles

What is the larges sesamoid bone in the body

patella

How does the patella support the quadriceps

increase the leverage of the quadriceps femoris muscle

How is runners knee caused

“runner’s knee” is a condition in which the patella rubs on the underlying bone degrading the cartilage.

The tibia The lateral and medial condyles at the ___________ articulate with the femur

proximal end

the tibia articulase distally with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

the talus and fibula

tibial tuberosity

attachment sit for the patellar ligament

Tibia medial malleolus

medial surface of distal end

the smaller, laterally placed bone of the foreleg

fibula

which bone of the foreleg is non weightbearing

fibula

the head of the fibula forms the ______________ joint

proximal tibiofibular

fibula lateral malleolus

distal end, articulates with the tibia and the talus of the ancle

How many tarsal bones are there in the foot name them

7 tarsal (ankle) bones * Talus (articulates with tibia and fibula) * Calcaneus (the heel bone, the largest and strongest), * Navicular * Cuboid * 3 cuneiforms

describe the arches of the feet

2 arches support the weight of the body: 1) Transverse Arch 2) Longitudinal Arch: With medial and lateral portions

Flatfoot (pes planus)

the arches decrease or “fall” often cause by poor arch support in the footwear

Clawfoot (pes cavus)

- too much arch occurs due to various pathologies often genetic or from tight fitting shoes