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Anatomy & Physiology - Kuntzman > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

This muscle tissue is striated: Alternating light and dark bands as seen when examined with a microscope

A

skeletal & cardiac muscle

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2
Q

What kind of muscle moves bones

A

skeletal

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3
Q

What kind of muscle is contrasted autorhythmicly and initiated by a node of tissue called the “pacemaker”

A

cardiac

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4
Q

Located in the walls of hollow internal structures Ie: Blood vessels, airways, and many organs

A

smooth muscle tissue

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5
Q

Which kind of muscle is voluntary

A

skeletal

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6
Q

Which kind of muscle is involuntary

A

cardiac & smooth

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7
Q

List the functions of Muscles

A
  • body movement
  • stabilizing body positions
  • moving substances within the body
  • generating heat
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8
Q

What are the properties that enable muscle to function and contribute to homeostasis

A
  • electrical excitability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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9
Q

Dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that surrounds muscles

A

fascia

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10
Q

Epimysium

A

The outermost layer Separates 10–100 muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles

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11
Q

Surrounds numerous bundles of fascicles

A

Perimysium

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12
Q

Separates individual muscle fibers from one another

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

Cord that attach a muscle to a bone

A

Tendon

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14
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Broad, flattened tendon

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15
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell

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16
Q

Transverse (T) tubules

A

Connect the plasma membrane to the interior of the cell

Muscle action potentials travel through the T tubules Ensure that action potential excites all parts of the muscle fiber at the same time

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17
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

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18
Q

Sarcoplasm includes glycogen used for synthesis of ATP and a red-colored protein called _________ which binds oxygen molecules

A

myoglobin

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19
Q

Myoglobin releases __________ when it is needed for ATP production

A

oxygen

20
Q

Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract are _____________________

A

somatic motor neurons

21
Q

Muscle growth occurs by what

A

hypertrophy

An enlargement of existing muscle fibers

22
Q

_____________ retain the capacity to regenerate damaged muscle fibers

A

Satellite cells

23
Q

Myofibrils

A

Thread-like structures which have a contractile function

24
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Membranous sacs which encircles each myofibril

  • Stores calcium ions (Ca2+)
  • Release of Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction
25
Q

Filaments

A
  • Function in the contractile process
  • Two types of filaments (Thick and Thin)
  • There are two thin filaments for every thick filament
26
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Compartments of arranged filaments

Basic functional unit of a myofibril

27
Q

Z discs

A

Separate one sarcomere from the next

Thick and thin filaments overlap one another

28
Q

A band

A

Darker middle part of the sarcomere

29
Q

I band

A

Lighter, contains thin filaments but no thick filaments

Z discs pass through the center of each I band

30
Q

H zone

A

Center of each A band which contains thick but no thin filaments

31
Q

M line

A

Supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone

32
Q

The Sliding Filament Mechanism: ___________ attach to and “walk” along the thin filaments at both ends of a sarcomere

A

Myosin heads

33
Q

When the muscle contracts __________ come closer together and the sarcomere shortens

A

Z discs

34
Q

Which are the three ways in which muscle fibers have ways to produce ATP

A
  1. Creatine phosphate
  2. anaerobic cellular respiration
  3. aerobic cellular respiration
35
Q

what are some of the factors which contribute to muscle fatigue

A
  • Inadequate release of calcium ions from the SR
  • Depletion of creatine phosphate
  • Insufficient oxygen
  • Depletion of glycogen and other nutrients
  • Buildup of lactic acid and ADP
  • Failure of the motor neuron to release enough acetylcholine
36
Q

oxygen consumption after exercise:

the added oxygen is used to restore muscle to the resting level in three ways, list them

A
  1. Converts lactic acid into glycogen
  2. Synthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP
  3. Replaces the oxygen removed from myoglobin
37
Q

control of muscle tension: What is the maximum tension (force) is dependent on

A
  • The rate at which nerve impulses arrive
  • The amount of stretch before contraction
  • The nutrient and oxygen availability
  • The size of the motor unit
38
Q

A motor neuron makes contact with about ____ muscle fibers

A

150

39
Q

The total strength of a contraction depends on what

A

the size of the motor units and the number that are activated

40
Q

Muscle fibers are classified into three main types

A
  • Slow oxidative fibers
  • Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers
  • Fast glycolytic fibers
41
Q

Slow Oxidative fibers

A
  • smallest diameter
  • least powerful
  • dark red
  • aerobic cellular respiration
  • slow speed of contract
  • resistant to fatigue
  • for maintaining posture
42
Q

Fast Oxidative–Glycolytic Fibers (FOG fibers)

A
  • Intermediate in diameter
  • high amounts of myoglobin
  • dark red appearance
  • highly resistant to fatigue
  • some ATP by anaerobic glycolysis
  • speed of contraction faster
  • for walking and sprinting
43
Q

Fast Glycolytic Fibers (FG fibers)

A
  • largest in diameter
  • most powerful contractions
  • low myoglobin content
  • few blood capilaries
  • few mitochondria
  • white in color
  • generate ATP by glycolysis
  • fatiuge quickly
  • fibers contract strongly and quickly adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short duration
44
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

The tension developed remains constant while the muscle changes its length

Used for body movements and for moving objects like picking a book up off a table

45
Q

Isometric contraction

A

The tension generated is not enough for the object to be moved and the muscle does not change its length

Holding a book steady using an outstretched arm

46
Q

Ratios of fast glycolytic and slow oxidative fibers are _______________

A

genetically determined

Anatomy & Physiology - Kuntzman (28 decks)

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