Social factors relating to mental health issues Flashcards
Developed the biopsychosocial model of mental illness
Engel
The argument that mental illness causes a patient to have a downward shift in their social class, rather than low social class increasing the risk of poor mental health
Social drift hypothesis
City which was studied leading to the development of the social drift hypothesis
Chicago
Rutter’s risk factors in the family environment that correlated with childhood mental disturbances
Severe marital discord Low social class Large family size Maternal mental health disorder Paternal criminality Foster placement
Study which looked at groups of White American and Native American children grouped into ‘poor’, ‘never poor’ and ‘ex poor’ and looked at their psychiatric epidemiology
Great Smoky Mountains study
Findings of the Great Smoky Mountains study into paediatric psychiatric epidemiology
‘Poor’ children had more psychiatric issues than ‘never poor’ children
Prior to their income increasing ‘ex poor’ children had more psychiatric issues than ‘never poor’ children
After their income increased ‘ex poor’ children’s level of psychiatric illness fell to the levels of ‘never poor’ children
Label for any deviant behaviour before the perpetrator is identified as a ‘deviant’
Primary deviance
Label for any deviant behaviour after the perpetrator has been identified as a ‘deviant’ by their repeated episodes of deviant behaviuor
Secondary deviance
Deviant behaviour involving breaking a written law
Formal deviance
Deviant behaviour involving breaking unspoken social rules or conventions
Informal deviance
Sociologist who proposed social causes for suicide
Durkheim
Type of suicide categorised by Durkheim where an individual within a tightly knit group is willing to die in that group’s defence
Altruistic suicide
Type of suicide categorised by Durkheim where an individual is too detached from others in their community and had little social support or guidance
Egoistic suicide
Type of suicide categorised by Durkheim where an individual feels detached from society because the society has broken down e.g. in times of rapid change
Anomic suicide
Type of suicide categorised by Durkheim where an individual seeks escape from a tightly knit group but is unable to escape other than by killing themselves
Fatalistic suicide
Developed a model for depression where certain ‘vulnerability factors’ increased the risk of depression, modelled on the onset of depression in women living in inner London in 1978
Brown and Harris
The four ‘vulnerability factors’ described by Brown and Harris in their social origins of depression work
Absence of a close confiding relationship
Loss of mother before the age of 11
Lack of employment outside the home
Three or more children under the age of 15 living at home
Hypothesis that many of the risk factors for schizophrenia (migration, childhood trauma etc.) have the common outcome of causing social exclusion, which may sensitise the mesolimbic dopamine system, increasing the risk of schizophrenia
Social defeat hypothesis
Type of living environment during childhood that increases the risk of psychotic illness in later life
Urban
Immigrant groups who have been found to have a higher level of schizophrenia than the non-immigrant population
African-Caribbean
African
Asian
Incidence rates of schizophrenia in the Caribbean compared to the UK
Comparable
Highest rates of UK psychiatric hospital admissions by ethnic group
Irish
Caribbean
Lowest rate of mental illness in the UK by ethnic group
South Asian
Age/sex combination with the highest risk for completed suicide
Middle aged male
Country where females have a higher rate of completed suicide than males
China
Diseases which are more commonly diagnosed in higher social classes
Eating disorders
Bulimia nervosa
Ethnic groups less likely to obtain mental healthcare in the UK
Black
South Asian
Strongest determinant of a long duration of untreated psychosis in the ÆSOP study
Insidious onset
Among women, ethnicity with the highest rates of depression and anxiety
South Asian
Among men, ethnicity with the highest rates of psychosis
Afro-Caribbean
Increase in risk of depression in patients living in poverty compared to the general population
Double
Impact of negative life events on people by socioeconomic class
People with low socioeconomic status are more affected
