History of psychiatry Flashcards by Bethan Williams

Event responsible for the relocation of the centre of psychiatry from Europe to the US in the 20th century

Second world war

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Most important figure in phenomenological psychopathology

Karl Jaspers

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Syndrome which was named after a quick change actor who played multiple parts within his shows

Fregoli syndrome

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Used camphor to induce seizures to treat psychosis

Ladislas Meduna

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First used insulin coma therapy

Manfred Sakel

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First used sodium bromide to induce a deep sleep for deep sleep therapy to treat psychiatric patients

Neil MacLeod

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Popularised the use of lithium to treat mania

John Cade

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Chemist associated with the development of chlorpromazine

Paul Charpentier

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Introduced MAOIs

Kline

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Discovered the antidepressant effect of imipramine

Kuhn

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Meaning of the word schizophrenia

Split mind

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Responsible for care of inmates at the Bicêtre Hospital in Paris in 1793 and instituted more humane treatment there

Pinel

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First used the term learning disability

Samuel Kirk

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Neurosurgeon who was born in Virginia in 1904 and was an advocate and prolific practitioner for psychosurgery, especially lobotomy

James Watts

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Associated with the biopsychosocial model

George Engel

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Associated with the diathesis stress model of depression

Aaron Beck

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Associated with genetic determinism

Weismann

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First neurotransmitter to be identified

Acetylcholine

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Type of eugenics where there is reduction of reproduction between individuals with ‘undesirable’ traits

Negative eugenics

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Type of eugenics where there is increased reproduction between individuals with ‘desirable’ traits

Positive eugenics

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Type of eugenics carried out in Nazi Germany which involved the forced sterilisation of those with learning disabilities

Negative eugenics

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The idea that the IQ of a population falls over time as those with a higher IQ have fewer children

Dysgenics

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Argued that paternalism only applies to autonomous individuals

Beauchamp

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First described the concept of expressed emotion

Brown

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Described the schizophrenogenic mother

Fromm-Reichmann

Psychiatric diagnostic manual that first introduced widespread operationalised criteria in mental health diagnosis

DSM III

First advocated a multi-axial formation to psychiatric diagnosis in 1947

Essen-Möller

Argued that disturbance in 'part functions' of the brain e.g. emotion, perception etc. was key to understanding mental illness, and was strongly against using socially deviant behaviour as a part of diagnosis

Lewis

Neurologist whose demonstration of hypnosis triggered Sigmund Freud's interest in psychological therapy

Charcot

Developed the theory of animal magnetism

Mesmer

Founded the therapeutic community Kingsley Hall

RD Laing

First described dysmorphophobia

Morselli

Year in which dysmorphophobia was first described

1886

First developed ECT

Cerletti

Year in which ECT was first developed

1938

Year in which dementia praecox was first described

1893

Conducted work on marital therapy in 1967

Dicks

Year in which the first rank symptoms of schizophrenia were first described

1959

Discovered syphilis as a cause of mental illness

Schauddin

Described the four As of schizophrenia

Bleuler

Year in which the four As of schizophrenia were described

1911

Main discrepancy found in the US-UK diagnostic project in 1972

Threshold for diagnosis of schizophrenia was much lower in the US

First effective somatic therapy for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Insulin coma therapy

Developed the first effective treatment for general paresis of the insane (neurosyphilis) and received a Nobel prize in 1927

Wagner-Juaregg

Likely oldest treatment for mental illness

Trephination

Practice of making a hole in the skull of a living person, possibly to allow the exit of disease causing spirits

Trephination

Year in which ICD 10 was published

1992

Year in which the first ICD was published

1855

Edition of ICD which included diseases as well as causes of death

6th

Year in which DSM IV was published

1994

Year in which DSM V was published

2013

Year in which the first DSM was published

1952

Year in which ICD 6 was published

1948

Coined the term therapeutic community

Tom Main

Main problem with early ECT

Spinal and limb fractures

Four humours of classical Greek medicine

Black bile Yellow bile Blood Phlegm

Described dreaming as a way of the brain deleting useless information

Crick and Mitchison

Coined the term organ inferiority

Adler

Described object constancy

Mahler

Developed the rest cure for neurasthaenia and hysteria

Silas Weir Mitchell

Developed the idea of degeneration as a cause of mental illness

Morel

Founded the York retreat based on 'moral therapy'

William Tuke

Religion 'moral therapy' stemmed from

Quakerism

Described the 'stigmata' of hysteria

Jean-Marie Charcot

Country which was the origin of a strong tradition of neuropsychiatry in the 19th century

Germany

Century during which psychiatry emerged as a medical specialty

18th

Developed the idea of the 'false self'

Winnicott

Developed the idea of groupthink

Irving Janis

Developed the idea of attribution theory

Bernard Weiner

Developed the idea of type A and B personality

Friedman and Rosenman

Described Stockholm syndrome

Nils Bejerot

Situation Stockholm syndrome first described

Siege at a Stockholm bank

Distinguished true delusions from 'secondary delusions' - delusion like ideas

Karl Jaspers

Won the Nobel prize for medicine in 1949 for their work on frontal leukotomy

Moniz

Pioneered LSD therapy in the 1940s

Albert Hofmann

Set up the first therapeutic community in Essex in 1939

Joshua Bierer

Coined the term dementia praecox

Kraepelin

Coined the term manic depression

Kraepelin

Coined the term demence precoce

Morel

Coined the term schizophrenia

Bleuler

Coined the term hebephrenia

Hecker

Coined the term catatonia

Kahlblaum

Coined the term schizoaffective

Kasanin

Coined the term neurasthenia

Beard

Coined the term unipolar and bipolar

Kleist

Coined the term hypnosis

Braid

Coined the term group dynamics

Lewin

Coined the term group psychotherapy

Moreno

Coined the term psychopathic inferiority

Koch

Coined the term psychiatry

Reil

Coined the term institutional neurosis

Barton

Coined the term bulimia nervosa

Russell

Coined the term unitary psychosis

Greisinger

Coined the two syndrome hypothesis of schizophrenia into type 1 and type 2

Crow

Coined the three syndrome model of schizophrenia

Liddle

Coined the term interpersonal psychotherapy

Klerrman and Weissmann

Coined the term autism as a characteristic feature of schizophrenia

Bleuler

First attempted to describe what is now ASD as a distinct entity

Grunya Sukhareva

First widely published (in English) the use of the word autism as a distinct condition

Kanner

Proposed the triad of impairments in autism of social interaction, communication and imaginative difficulties

Wing

Coined the term anhedonia

Ribot

Introduced the terms extraversion and intraversion

Jung

Distinguished between basic and accessory symptoms of schizophrenia

Bleuler

Introduced szhizophreniform psychosis to describe patients with schizophrenia who did not follow a progressively deteriorating course but had acute onset (in hindsight most felt to have psychotic affective disorders)

Langfeldt

Developed the first rank symptoms of schizophrenia

Schneider

Used the term demencé to characterise the deterioration in mental abilities of chronically ill, hospitalised patients

Pinel

Coined the term schizophrenogenic mother

Fromm-Reichmann

Coined the term neuroleptic

Delay

Coined the term psychodrama

Moreno

Founder of the school of individual psychology

Adler

Founder of the school of behaviourism

John Watson

Associated with classifying personality according to body build

Kretschmer