Group dynamics Flashcards
Process where social influence pushes someone to act in a certain way despite their being no explicit requirement to act in this way
Conformity
Characteristics increasing conformity
Female sex, low intelligence, poor leadership abilities, Inferiority feelings
Process where an individual is explicitly asked to carry out a task by a person in a position of authority
Obedience
Experiment looking at obedience towards authority figures specifically designed to investigate the psychology behind genocidal acts performed by Nazis
Milgram experiment
State of mind described by Milgram where a person allows others to direct their behaviour, and passes on responsibility for the consequences of those behaviours onto that other person
Agentic state
Process where a group can together make a more risky decision than an individual can
Risky shift
Tendency for a group to take a more extreme view than the initial inclinations of its members
Group polarisation
Psychological process within a group where the desire for conformity leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision making
Groupthink
Power based on the perceived ability to give positive consequences
Reward power
Power based on the perceived ability to punish
Coercive power
Power based on having particular skills or knowledge
Expert power
Power based on having charisma and connections
Referent power
Power held by an individual due to their position within an organisation
Legitimate power
Described the ‘bases of social power’ - includes reward power, legitimate power etc.
French and Raven
Leadership style where the leader makes decisions without consultation from others
Autocratic
Leadership style where decisions are ultimately made by the leader but only after facilitating group discussion
Democratic
Leadership style where the leader’s involvement in decision making is minimal and individuals make their own decision
Laissez-faire
Possible behavioural components of prejudice in increasing severity
Anti-locution (making negative remarks about but not to the person), avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and extermination
Theory of prejudice suggesting people develop prejudice as a result of their rigid thinking that occurs as a result of a harsh childhood upbringing, characterised by extreme obedience and respect for authority figures. Controversially used to explain Nazi fascism.
Authoritarian personality theory of prejudice (Adorno)
Theory of prejudice relating to Dollard’s frustration-aggression model - when the source of a frustration is too powerful aggression may be displaced towards a soft target
Scapegoating theory
Supplemental to scapegoating theory of prejudice, suggests that where there are acute times of low resources unrest follows and scapegoating is more likely
Relative deprivation theory
Theory of prejudice suggesting that even the suggestion of competition can trigger prejudices
Realistic conflict theory
Experiment where two groups were formed in a summer camp. Even when the groups were allowed to interact freely they displayed strong in-group preferences.
Sherif’s Robbers cave experiment
Experiment showing prejudice can be reduced when the person displaying prejudice has themselves experiences such prejudice in the past
Elliott’s blue eyes and brown eyes experiment
Effect where people are less likely to intervene to help someone in need if others are also standing nearby
Bystander effect/Genovese effect
Factors that mean bystanders are less likely to help
If the bystander is female
If there are many other bystanders present
If the other bystanders are strangers
If the perpetrators are present
If the situation is perceived as dangerous
Effect where the larger the group is, the lower effort each individual puts in
Social loafing/Ringelmann’s effect
The loss of self awareness within a group, often used to explain e.g. violent acts of a group of football hooligans
Deindividuation
Developed the concept of the ‘working group’ which works well together, and the ‘basic assumption group’ which acts out primitive fantasies and prevents work being done
Bion
Type of basic assumption group where the group turns towards a leader to protect them from anxiety
Dependency
Type of basic assumption group where the group acts as if there is an enemy, either within or outwith the group, who must be attacked or avoided
Fight-flight
Type of basic assumption group where the group acts as if the answer lies in the pairing - either friendly or hostile - of two members
Pairing
Group ideology which prioritises the rights of groups over the rights of an individual
Collectivism
Group ideology which prioritises rights of an individual over the group
Individualism
Leadership style where the leader allows team members to voice their opinions and supports them in making changes they believe in
Participative
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where one member helps another
Altruism
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where ideas/thoughts/emotions can be expressed in a way that produces relief
Catharsis
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where there is a sense that the group is working together towards a common goal
Cohesion
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where the group replicates a family to work through prior conflicts of its members
Corrective recapitulation
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where members gain feedback from others and give out feedback
Interpersonal learning
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where members acquire new knowledge
Imparting information
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where members consciously model their behaviour on another member
Imitation
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where members accept responsibility for decisions
Existential factors
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where a sense of hope is imparted into the group
Instillation of hope
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where there is free exchange of ideas and feelings between members
Socialisation
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where there is an awareness among members that they are not the only ones to experience a particular issue
Universality
Described four principles of a therapeutic community
Rapoport
Four principles of a therapeutic community as described by Rapoport
Permissiveness
Democracy
Reality confrontation
Communalism
Updated Rapoport’s principles of a therapeutic community
Haigh
Haigh’s updated principles of a therapeutic community and Rapoport’s principle they correspond to
Containment - permissiveness
Communication - communalism
Involvement - reality confrontation
Agency - democracy
Aspect of a therapeutic community described by Rapoport characterised by support, rules and boundaries allowing individuals to feel safe
Permissiveness
Aspect of a therapeutic community described by Rapoport characterised by decision making within the community giving individuals a sense of empowerment and belief they can be useful in the wider world
Democracy
Aspect of a therapeutic community described by Rapoport characterised by learning from others and finding a place within the group
Reality confrontation
Aspect of a therapeutic community described by Rapoport characterised by shared responsibility and shared group ethos
Communalism
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where the group can self-evolve and work through conflicts
Coherence
In group therapy, the quality of the relationship between each member of a group and the therapist
Group allience
Therapeutic factor in group therapy where a person unconsciously incorparates attributes and qualities of the group into themselves
Positive identification
Phenomenon where high expectations lead in improved performance
Pygmalion effect/Rosenthal effect
Factors according to Asch which make group conformity more likely
Larger group size
Challenging task
Public interactions
Perception that some members are more senior than others
Factors according to Asch which make group conformity more likely
Larger group size
Challenging task
Public interactions
Perception that some members are more senior than others
