Operant conditioning

Question 1

Developed the law of effect

Answer 1

Thorndike

Question 2

States that any behaviour followed by a positive consequence is likely to be repeated, and any behaviour followed by a negative consequence is less likely to be repeated

Answer 2

Law of effect

Question 3

Developed operant conditioning theory

Answer 3

B. F. Skinner

Question 4

The addition something pleasant in response to a desirable behaviour in operant conditioning

Answer 4

Positive reinforcement

Question 5

Example of positive reinforcement

Answer 5

E.g. being given a cake for completing housework

Question 6

The removal something unpleasant in response to a desirable behaviour in operant conditioning

Answer 6

Negative reinforcement

Question 7

Example of negative reinforcement in operant conditioining

Answer 7

The cessation of an electric shock on pressing a lever

Question 8

The addition something unpleasant in response to an undesirable behaviour in operant conditioning

Answer 8

Positive punishment

Question 9

Example of positive punishment in operant conditioning

Answer 9

Being given hours of community service after committing a crime

Question 10

The removal something pleasant in response to an undesirable behaviour in operant conditioning

Answer 10

Negative punishment

Question 11

Example of negative punishment in operant conditioning

Answer 11

Having pay docked at work for poor performance

Question 12

A consequence used in operant conditioning that affects biological needs

Answer 12

Primary reinforcer

Question 13

A consequence used in operant conditioning that does not affect biological needs

Answer 13

Secondary reinforcer

Question 14

Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcement/punishment occurs every time the target behaviour is shown

Answer 14

Continuous

Question 15

Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcement/punishment does not occur every time the target behaviour is shown

Answer 15

Partial

Question 16

Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcement/punishment occurs after a specific period of time no matter how often the target behaviour has occured

Answer 16

Fixed interval conditioning

Question 17

Example of fixed interval operant conditioning

Answer 17

Monthly salary that is not related to performance

Question 18

Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcement/punishment occurs after a variable and unpredictable amount of time, no matter how often the target behaviour is performed

Answer 18

Variable interval conditioning

Question 19

Example of variable interval operant conditioning

Answer 19

A school teacher giving quizzes at random intervals through the year

Question 20

Type of operant conditioning where a reinforcement/punishment is given after a fixed number of responses

Answer 20

Fixed ratio conditioning

Question 21

Example of fixed ratio operant conditioning

Answer 21

Having a water station every 1km of a 5km race track

Question 22

Type of operant conditioning where a reinforcement/punishment is given after a random or unpredictable number of responses

Answer 22

Variable ratio conditioning

Question 23

Example of variable ratio operant conditioning

Answer 23

Slot machines

Question 24

Type of operant conditioning that is the quickest to learn

Answer 24

Continuous

Question 25

Type of operant conditioning that is most resistant to extinction

Answer 25

Variable ratio

Question 26

Operant conditioning rule where a highly probable behaviour (i.e. a behaviour that will be done often by choice) is used to reinforce a low frequency behaviour (i.e. a behaviour that will not be done usually by choice)

Answer 26

Premack’s principle/Grandma’s rule

Question 27

Type of operant conditioning where punishment is used to reduce the frequency of an unwanted behaviuor

Answer 27

Aversive conditioning

Question 28

Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcer is an imagined pleasant event rather than a real one

Answer 28

Covert reinforcement

Question 29

Type of operant conditioning where the punishment is an imagined unpleasant event rather than a real one

Answer 29

Covert sensitisation

Question 30

Type of operant conditioning where there is real life exposure to a feared stimulus for long enough that the anxiety response fades away

Answer 30

Flooding

Question 31

Type of operant conditioning where there is imaginary exposure to a feared stimulus for long enough that the anxiety response fades away

Answer 31

Implosion

Question 32

Type of operant conditioning technique where a desirable behaviour is learnt by reinforcement for successively closer approximations to the target behaviour

Answer 32

Shaping

Question 33

Type of operant conditioning where the target behaviour is broken down into small steps, and each step is reinforced and then gradually linked together to make the whole behaviour

Answer 33

Chaining

Question 34

The increase in emotional response if there is brief but repeated exposure to a stimulus

Answer 34

Incubation

Question 35

The idea in operant conditioning that some stimuli are more likely than others to naturally elicit a particular emotional response

Answer 35

Stimulus preparedness

Question 36

Developed the idea of learned helplessness

Answer 36

Seligman

Question 37

The idea that if there is no possible escape from an unpleasant stimulus eventually the animal/person will stop making attempts to escape

Answer 37

Learned helplessness

Question 38

Developed the idea of reciprocal inhibition

Answer 38

Wolpe

Question 39

The idea in operant conditioning that if a stimulus with a desired response and a stimulus with an undesired response are presented at the same time, there will be a reduction in the undesired response

Answer 39

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 40

Type of operant conditioning which is the least resistant to extinction

Answer 40

Continuous