Operant conditioning Flashcards
Developed the law of effect
Thorndike
States that any behaviour followed by a positive consequence is likely to be repeated, and any behaviour followed by a negative consequence is less likely to be repeated
Law of effect
Developed operant conditioning theory
B. F. Skinner
The addition something pleasant in response to a desirable behaviour in operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement
Example of positive reinforcement
E.g. being given a cake for completing housework
The removal something unpleasant in response to a desirable behaviour in operant conditioning
Negative reinforcement
Example of negative reinforcement in operant conditioining
The cessation of an electric shock on pressing a lever
The addition something unpleasant in response to an undesirable behaviour in operant conditioning
Positive punishment
Example of positive punishment in operant conditioning
Being given hours of community service after committing a crime
The removal something pleasant in response to an undesirable behaviour in operant conditioning
Negative punishment
Example of negative punishment in operant conditioning
Having pay docked at work for poor performance
A consequence used in operant conditioning that affects biological needs
Primary reinforcer
A consequence used in operant conditioning that does not affect biological needs
Secondary reinforcer
Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcement/punishment occurs every time the target behaviour is shown
Continuous
Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcement/punishment does not occur every time the target behaviour is shown
Partial
Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcement/punishment occurs after a specific period of time no matter how often the target behaviour has occured
Fixed interval conditioning
Example of fixed interval operant conditioning
Monthly salary that is not related to performance
Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcement/punishment occurs after a variable and unpredictable amount of time, no matter how often the target behaviour is performed
Variable interval conditioning
Example of variable interval operant conditioning
A school teacher giving quizzes at random intervals through the year
Type of operant conditioning where a reinforcement/punishment is given after a fixed number of responses
Fixed ratio conditioning
Example of fixed ratio operant conditioning
Having a water station every 1km of a 5km race track
Type of operant conditioning where a reinforcement/punishment is given after a random or unpredictable number of responses
Variable ratio conditioning
Example of variable ratio operant conditioning
Slot machines
Type of operant conditioning that is the quickest to learn
Continuous
Type of operant conditioning that is most resistant to extinction
Variable ratio
Operant conditioning rule where a highly probable behaviour (i.e. a behaviour that will be done often by choice) is used to reinforce a low frequency behaviour (i.e. a behaviour that will not be done usually by choice)
Premack’s principle/Grandma’s rule
Type of operant conditioning where punishment is used to reduce the frequency of an unwanted behaviuor
Aversive conditioning
Type of operant conditioning where the reinforcer is an imagined pleasant event rather than a real one
Covert reinforcement
Type of operant conditioning where the punishment is an imagined unpleasant event rather than a real one
Covert sensitisation
Type of operant conditioning where there is real life exposure to a feared stimulus for long enough that the anxiety response fades away
Flooding
Type of operant conditioning where there is imaginary exposure to a feared stimulus for long enough that the anxiety response fades away
Implosion
Type of operant conditioning technique where a desirable behaviour is learnt by reinforcement for successively closer approximations to the target behaviour
Shaping
Type of operant conditioning where the target behaviour is broken down into small steps, and each step is reinforced and then gradually linked together to make the whole behaviour
Chaining
The increase in emotional response if there is brief but repeated exposure to a stimulus
Incubation
The idea in operant conditioning that some stimuli are more likely than others to naturally elicit a particular emotional response
Stimulus preparedness
Developed the idea of learned helplessness
Seligman
The idea that if there is no possible escape from an unpleasant stimulus eventually the animal/person will stop making attempts to escape
Learned helplessness
Developed the idea of reciprocal inhibition
Wolpe
The idea in operant conditioning that if a stimulus with a desired response and a stimulus with an undesired response are presented at the same time, there will be a reduction in the undesired response
Reciprocal inhibition
Type of operant conditioning which is the least resistant to extinction
Continuous
