Interpersonal issues

Question 1

Originally introduced attribution theory

Answer 1

Fritz Heider

Question 2

Attribution model that suggests we attribute behaviours to events that co-vary with those behaviours over time e.g. if event A occurs when behaviour B occurs we assume event A causes behaviour B

Answer 2

Kelley’s covariant model

Question 3

Attribution where a person’s behaviour is blamed on their character

Answer 3

Dispositional attribution

Question 4

Attribution where a person’s behaviour is blamed on external factors

Answer 4

Situational attribution

Question 5

The factor in attribution looking at how a person behaves compared to the people around them
E.g. if a student is late to history class - are other students late as well?

Answer 5

Consensus

Question 6

The factor in attribution looking at whether a person’s behaviour in one specific situation is ‘normal’ compared to their behaviour in other similar situations
E.g. if a student is late to history class - are they also late to other classes?

Answer 6

Distinctiveness

Question 7

The factor in attribution looking at how regularly a behaviour is performed in one situation over time
E.g. if a student is late to history class - have they been late to history class on previous occasions?

Answer 7

Consistency

Question 8

Most used factor in attribution

Answer 8

Consistency

Question 9

Attribution made if consensus is low e.g. one student is late to class but others are on time

Answer 9

Dispositional

Question 10

Attribution made if consistency is low e.g. a student is late to class when normally they are on time

Answer 10

Situational

Question 11

Attribution error where the dispositional factors are overestimated in someone else’s behaviour - strongest when the behaviour is negative/undesirable

Answer 11

Fundamental attribution error

Question 12

Attribution error where someone overestimates situational elements to their own behaviour, but others overestimate dispositional elements e.g. a student who is studying may say they are studying because they have an exam coming up, where others say they are studying because they are hard working

Answer 12

Actor-observer bias

Question 13

Attribution error where enduring personality traits are inferred from a behaviour which could be explained by situational elements (similar to fundamental attribution error)

Answer 13

Correspondence bias

Question 14

Attribution bias where someone attributes their successes to dispositional factors and their failures to situational factors

Answer 14

Self serving bias

Question 15

Attribution bias where someone interprets another person’s ambiguous behaviour as negative towards them rather than benign

Answer 15

Hostile attribution bias

Question 16

Attribution bias where someone projects their way of thinking onto others, and assumes others think the same way as they do, or views one person’s behaviour as representative of a group’s behaviour (can lead to e.g. racial stereotypes)

Answer 16

False consensus effect

Question 17

Attribution bias where the belief that ultimately people get what they deserve leads to victim blaming culture

Answer 17

Just world hypothesis

Question 18

The tendency to perceive people as entirely good or bad, or to make strong inferences about people based on limited or superficial information

Answer 18

Halo effect

Question 19

The tendency for someone to believe general and vague personality descriptions or predictions apply to them specifically - often used in atrology

Answer 19

Barnum effect/Forer effect

Question 20

Form of observer bias where someone changes their behaviour if they believe they are being observed - often leads to a short term improvement in behaviour

Answer 20

Hawthorne effect

Question 21

Effect where people internalise either poor or high expectations of others and begin to behave accordingly

Answer 21

Pygmalion effect/Rosenthal effect

Question 22

Age at which theory of mind develops

Answer 22

3.5 to 4 years

Question 23

Test used to investigate people’s theory of mind

Answer 23

Sally-Anne test

Question 24

Tasks relating to the understanding that other people can have their own thoughts about a situation

Answer 24

First-order false belief tasks

Question 25

Tasks relating to the idea that another person can have their own thoughts about a third person’s state of mind

Answer 25

Second-order false belief tasks

Question 26

Most important factor that influences a relationship

Answer 26

Proximity

Question 27

Factors that influence relationships

Answer 27

Proximity, exposure, similarity, complementarity, compatibility

Question 28

Definition of social capital

Answer 28

Features of social life - networks, norms and trust - that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives

Question 29

Structural components of social capital

Answer 29

Roles, rules, precedents, behaviours, networks, institutions

Question 30

Cognitive components of social capital

Answer 30

Values, attitudes and beliefs that produce cooperative behaviour

Question 31

Effect where a person who has done a favour to another person is more likely to do them another favour than if they had received a favour from that person

Answer 31

Ben Franklin effect

Question 32

Cognitive bias where an unskilled person overestimates their ability

Answer 32

Dunning Kruger effect

Question 33

Situation where an individual receives two or more conflicting messages from different people, so that a successful response to one message results in a failed response to the other, and they will be wrong no matter the response

Answer 33

Double bind situation