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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Three different cognitive processes involved in memory

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

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2
Q

Features of sensory memory

A

Modality specific, large capacity, no processing

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3
Q

Length of iconic (visual) memory

A

0.5s

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4
Q

Length of echoic (auditory) memory

A

2s

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5
Q

Capacity of short term memory

A

7+/-2 items

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6
Q

Capacity for short term memory for reversing the information

A

5+/-1 items

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7
Q

Length short term memory lasts unaided

A

15-30 seconds

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8
Q

Features of long term memory

A

Unlimited capacity and indefinite duration

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9
Q

Developed the storehouse model of memory, with a short term storehouse with limited capacity which can send information to the long-term memory

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

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10
Q

Developed the multi-storehouse model of memory, with a visuospatial sketchpad and an episodic buffer

A

Baddeley and Hitch

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11
Q

Role of the central executive in the multi-storehouse model of memory

A

Capacity to focus, divide and switch attention

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12
Q

Role of the visuospatial sketchpad in the multi-storehouse model of memory

A

Stores and processes information in visual and spatial form allowing images to be manipulated in the mind

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13
Q

Role of the phonological buffer in the multi-storehouse model of memory

A

Holds verbal and auditory information in speech based form for 1-2 seconds

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14
Q

Role of the episodic buffer in the multi-storehouse model of memory

A

Temporary storage system which integrates information from the different systems of short term memory (e.g. the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop) along with relevant long-term knowledge into a coherent whole

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15
Q

Type of long term memory which can be consciously retrieved

A

Declarative memory

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16
Q

Type of long term memory which stores personal experiences

A

Episodic memory

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17
Q

Type of long term memory which stores facts and concepts

A

Semantic memory

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18
Q

Type of long term memory which recalls motor and executive skills needed for a task, formed without conscious awareness (e.g. how to swim)

A

Procedural memory

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19
Q

Type of long term memory where there is storage and retrieval of information through association with other information

A

Associative memory

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20
Q

Effect on memory where exposure to a certain stimulus influences the response to other stimuli later - occurs without conscious recall of memorising

A

Priming

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21
Q

Type of memory where there is detailed recollection of an event due to heightened emotions at the time of the event

A

Flashbulb memory

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22
Q

Seven types of memory failure

A

Transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, suggestibility, bias, persistence, misattribution

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23
Q

Type of memory failure that covers the decreasing accessibility of memory over time

A

Transience

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24
Q

Type of memory failure that covers lapses in attention and forgetting to do things

A

Absent-mindedness

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25
Q

Type of memory failure that involves the temporary inaccessibility of stored information e.g. tip of the tongue syndrome

A

Blocking

26
Q

Type of memory failure where leading questions etc. allow misinformation to be incorporated into the memory

A

Suggestibility

27
Q

Type of memory failure where current knowledge and beliefs distort the memories

A

Bias

28
Q

Type of memory failure involving the inability to forget unwanted memories e.g. in PTSD

A

Persistence

29
Q

Type of memory failure where memories are attributed to incorrect sources or you believe you have seen or heard something you haven’t

A

Misattribution

30
Q

The belief that a thought is new when it is actually a memory

A

Cryptomnesia

31
Q

Person who plotted the ‘forgetting curve’

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

32
Q

Time over which memories decay and are lost the fastest

A

9 hours

33
Q

Theory in memory where due to limited capacity new information replaces old information

A

Displacement theory

34
Q

Strategies used to improve memory encoding

A

Chunking, ordering information, mnemonics, imagery, adding importance to the information, using primacy-recency effects

35
Q

Method of increasing short term memory by combining units of information (usually numbers) into groups

A

Chunking

36
Q

Principle where the more similar the retrieval situation is to the encoding situation, the better the retrieval

A

Encoding specificity principle

37
Q

Ribot’s law of retrograde amnesia - usually seen in dementia

A

Recent memories are more likely to be lost than more remote memories

38
Q

Jost’s law of forgetting

A

If two memories are of the same strength but of different ages, the older memory will decay more slowly

39
Q

Loss of ability to form new memories after an injury/event

A

Anterograde amnesia

40
Q

Classic area of damage in the brain leading to anterograde amnesia

A

Hippocampus

41
Q

Loss of episodic memories stored before an event causing brain damage (usually a head injury)

A

Retrograde amnesia

42
Q

Type of memory failure caused by temporary lack of blood supply to regions of the brain involved in memory, causes sudden onset severe anterograde amnesia with retrograde amnesia for the preceding days

A

Transient global amnesia

43
Q

Amnesia occurring in patient who have had no brain insult but who have experienced a traumatic event - can be global or situation specific

A

Psychogenic amnesia

44
Q

Sudden loss of all autobiographical memories, usually involves wandering and lasts hours to days before complete recovery - procedural and semantic memories left intact

A

Fugue state

45
Q

Amnesic syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency including autobiographical loss

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

46
Q

The effect of the ability to more easily recall information if it is congruent with the current mood - e.g. negative experiences are more easily retrieved while someone is experiencing depression

A

Mood-congruent effect

47
Q

The effect of the ability to retrieve information more easily if the emotional state is the same at the time of retrieval and the time of decoding

A

Mood-state dependent retrieval

48
Q

Area of the brain most involved in procedural memory

A

Cerebellum

49
Q

Area of the brain most involved in working memory

A

Pre-frontal cortex

50
Q

Areas of the brain associated with emotional memories

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

51
Q

Area of the brain involved in the formation of new memories and the encoding of memories into long term memory

A

Hippocampus

52
Q

Demonstrated that short term memory is limited to seven chunks of information

A

Ebbinghaus

53
Q

Eponymous law that states short term memory is limited to seven chunks of information

A

Miller’s law

54
Q

Reported that less than one hundredth of the information sensed by humans reaches short term memory

A

Lloyd

55
Q

Described the passive decay theory in relation to forgetting long term memories

A

Solso

56
Q

Retrieval of a memory from long term memory precipitated by the presence of a cue such as a smell or sound

A

Redintegration

57
Q

Five functions of long term memory

A 
Registration
Retention
Retrieval
Recall
Recognition
58
Q

The ability to obtain memories stored in the long term memory

A

Retrieval

59
Q

The ability to add new memory to the long term memory store

A

Registration

60
Q

The ability to store memories in the long term memory, which can be later retrieved

A

Retention

61
Q

The return of stored memory into the consciousness at a chosen moment

A

Recall

62
Q

The sense of familiarity that accompanies the recall of memories

A

Recognition

Psychology (36 decks)

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