Small Ruminant Surgery Flashcards
what are surgery options for urolithiasis?
urethral process amputation
walpole’s solution
perineal urethrostomy
tube cystostomy
what are calcium carbonate stones from?
excess calcium
what are most grains high in?
magnesium
phosphorous
what should the Ca:Ph ratio be?
1:1 to 2:1
never lower
what is the bladder like on ultrasound with an obstruction?
enlarged spherical bladder +/- free abdominal fluid
+/- >7cm
what is the urethral process?
1-2 cm extension of thee urethra off the distal end of the glans penis in sheep and goats
what is walpole’s solution?
acidifying agent pH 4.5
where do you incise for perineal urethrostomy?
where perineum begins to curve cranioventrally
when does an animal with a tube cystostomy urinate after surgery?
average 11.5 days
range 4-36 days
what is the goal of disbudding?
destroy the corium from which the horn grows
how much lidocaine can a small ruminant have?
<10 mg/kg
what is the procedure of cosmetic dehorning?
incise skin around horn base
undermine substantial amount of skin
gigli wire off horn
bone rongeur level
suture skin closed
what analgesia can be given for cosmetic dehorning postop?
flunixin meglumine
meloxicam
what is the ideal length for tail docking?
to tip of vulva or caudal aspect of tail fold
what is a contributing factor for rectal prolapse?
obesity
what are struvite stones?
magnesium ammonium phosphate
form in alkaline urine
what can cause urolithiasis?
age at castration
limited availability of water
dietary imbalances
what dietary imbalances can cause struvite stones?
high magnesium
high phosphorous
low calcium
what are roughages usually high in?
calcium
where are pigs usually blocked?
sigmoid flexure and/or distal penile urethra
where are cattle usually blocked?
distal sigmoid flexure
what is seen on bloodwork in an acute blockage without rupture?
mild hemoconcentration
mild/moderate prerenal and postrenal azotemia
what is a valid option to manage urethral rupture?
perineal urethrostomy
what are considerations with perineal urethrostomy?
recurent obstruction possible
post-surgery stricture at site of stoma
place ureethrostomy in ventral half of perineum to limit urine scald and allow for repeat procedure
average survival post-op 1 year
what are approaches for tube cystotomy?
ventral paramedian
low paralumbar fossa
ventrolateral
how often is obstruction relieved with a tube cystotomy?
80%
what are disadvantages of disbudding/dehorning?
loss of self-defense
disrupts herd/flock hierarchy
when is general anesthesia recommended for disbudding/dehorning?
cosmetic dehorning
what is the technique for mastectomy?
inverted cloverleaf
what vessels need to be ligated for mastectomy?
external pudendal
caudal perineal
abdominal vein
what are options for pain mitigation following tail docking?
local block
meloxicam
what can cause rectal prolapse?
diarrhea
tenesmus
straining to urinate
dystocia
chronic coughing
short docks
what are treatment options for rectal prolapse?
purse string suture
counterirritant injection
amputation
