Bovine Musculoskeletal Diseases Flashcards
what are the signs of septic arthritis in calves?
severe lameness
visibly swollen joint
fever
pain on palpation/manipulation
look for co-morbidities
how can you treat septic arthritis in calves?
joint lavage- acute
systemic antibiotics
pain management
what is congenital contracture of the forelimbs?
contracture of forelimbs at the fetlock
where are fractures of the legs usually?
metacarpus/metatarsus
when is the prognosis better for fractures?
lighter animal
closed
non-physeal/non-articular
what are the common locations of stifle injuries?
cranial cruciate ligament
medial collateral ligament
how does an obturator nerve injury present?
inability to adduct limbs
why does sciatic nerve injury happen?
forced extraction of calf or prolonged recumbency
what can you sample to diagnose white muscle disease?
blood or liver levels of selenium or glutathione peroxidase
how do cows get Clostridium chauvoei?
spores ingested from soil
encyst in muscle and remain dormant
what are the etiologies of septic arthritis in calves?
failure of passive transfer
umbilical infections
sepsis
what are the agents of septic arthritis in calves?
E. coli
Salmonella
Trueperella
Mycoplasma secondary to respiratory disease
what is the prognosis of septic arthritis in calves?
poor
how can you treat congenital contracture of the forelimbs?
physical therapy if tips of toes touch the ground
splinting
surgery
pain management
what do cast changes and duration of casting for fractures depend on?
age of animal
what is a hygroma?
serum accumulation over boney prominences that receive inadequate bedding
lateral hock or dorsal carpus
what should you do for hygromas?
remove from injuring surface and provide adequate bedding
infected hygromas require antibiotics and flushing
what is the etiology of stifle injuries?
slippery floors
mounting
overstocking
what does an acute cranial cruciate ligament injury present as?
joint effusion
reluctant to bear weight
may hear clunking sound or feel crepitation
what is a medial collateral ligament injury to the stifle like?
result of limb abduction at stifle
pain on palpation of medial aspect
excessive abduction on limb manipulation
how can you treat stifle injuries?
rest
anti-inflammatories
hobbles
what are the peripheral nerve injuries?
radial nerve
obturator nerve
sciatic nerve
tibial nerve
peroneal nerve
femoral nerve
what does the radial nerve do?
motor extensor of forelimb
what are the signs of a radial nerve injury?
unable to advance limb
dropped elbow
toe drag
when is the obturator nerve often injured?
during forced extraction of calf
what does the sciatic nerve do?
extends hip, flexes stifle and distal limb
what does a tibial nerve injury present as?
forward knuckling of fetlock
straight hock
what does a peroneal nerve injury present as?
knuckling with dorsum of digit on the ground
when do femoral nerves get injured?
calf: forced extraction by hind limbs
cow: slipping with legs extended caudally
how can peripheral nerve injuries be treated?
anti-inflammatories
deep bedding if down
secure footing if up
isolation
hobbles for hind end
when should you consider culling a cow for peripheral nerve injuries?
48 hours
what are the forms of white muscle disease?
cardiac form
musculoskeletal form
what does the musculoskeletal form of white muscle disease present as?
tongue/pharynx: poor suckle with secondary pneumonia
skeletal muscles: generalized weakness
how can you treat white muscle disease?
selenium supplementation
how do cows get Clostridium septicum?
direct inoculation of muscle by penetrating wound
injection through dirty hide
what do anaerobic conditions in muscle lead to in clostridial diseases?
vegetative growth and release of exotoxins
what are the signs of Clostridium chauvoei?
sudden death
toxemia
hemorrhagic, swollen muscle with gas
fever, depression, anorexia
what are the signs of Clostridium septicum?
sudden death
toxemia
swollen muscles with pitting edema
fever, depression, anorexia
how can you treat clostridial diseases?
high doses of penicillin
open affected muscle to introduce oxygen
