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A. Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery > Bovine Musculoskeletal Diseases > Flashcards

Bovine Musculoskeletal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the signs of septic arthritis in calves?

A

severe lameness
visibly swollen joint
fever
pain on palpation/manipulation
look for co-morbidities

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2
Q

how can you treat septic arthritis in calves?

A

joint lavage- acute
systemic antibiotics
pain management

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3
Q

what is congenital contracture of the forelimbs?

A

contracture of forelimbs at the fetlock

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4
Q

where are fractures of the legs usually?

A

metacarpus/metatarsus

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5
Q

when is the prognosis better for fractures?

A

lighter animal
closed
non-physeal/non-articular

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6
Q

what are the common locations of stifle injuries?

A

cranial cruciate ligament
medial collateral ligament

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7
Q

how does an obturator nerve injury present?

A

inability to adduct limbs

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8
Q

why does sciatic nerve injury happen?

A

forced extraction of calf or prolonged recumbency

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9
Q

what can you sample to diagnose white muscle disease?

A

blood or liver levels of selenium or glutathione peroxidase

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10
Q

how do cows get Clostridium chauvoei?

A

spores ingested from soil
encyst in muscle and remain dormant

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11
Q

what are the etiologies of septic arthritis in calves?

A

failure of passive transfer
umbilical infections
sepsis

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12
Q

what are the agents of septic arthritis in calves?

A

E. coli
Salmonella
Trueperella
Mycoplasma secondary to respiratory disease

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13
Q

what is the prognosis of septic arthritis in calves?

A

poor

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14
Q

how can you treat congenital contracture of the forelimbs?

A

physical therapy if tips of toes touch the ground
splinting
surgery
pain management

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15
Q

what do cast changes and duration of casting for fractures depend on?

A

age of animal

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16
Q

what is a hygroma?

A

serum accumulation over boney prominences that receive inadequate bedding
lateral hock or dorsal carpus

17
Q

what should you do for hygromas?

A

remove from injuring surface and provide adequate bedding
infected hygromas require antibiotics and flushing

18
Q

what is the etiology of stifle injuries?

A

slippery floors
mounting
overstocking

19
Q

what does an acute cranial cruciate ligament injury present as?

A

joint effusion
reluctant to bear weight
may hear clunking sound or feel crepitation

20
Q

what is a medial collateral ligament injury to the stifle like?

A

result of limb abduction at stifle
pain on palpation of medial aspect
excessive abduction on limb manipulation

21
Q

how can you treat stifle injuries?

A

rest
anti-inflammatories
hobbles

22
Q

what are the peripheral nerve injuries?

A

radial nerve
obturator nerve
sciatic nerve
tibial nerve
peroneal nerve
femoral nerve

23
Q

what does the radial nerve do?

A

motor extensor of forelimb

24
Q

what are the signs of a radial nerve injury?

A

unable to advance limb
dropped elbow
toe drag

25
Q

when is the obturator nerve often injured?

A

during forced extraction of calf

26
Q

what does the sciatic nerve do?

A

extends hip, flexes stifle and distal limb

27
Q

what does a tibial nerve injury present as?

A

forward knuckling of fetlock
straight hock

28
Q

what does a peroneal nerve injury present as?

A

knuckling with dorsum of digit on the ground

29
Q

when do femoral nerves get injured?

A

calf: forced extraction by hind limbs
cow: slipping with legs extended caudally

30
Q

how can peripheral nerve injuries be treated?

A

anti-inflammatories
deep bedding if down
secure footing if up
isolation
hobbles for hind end

31
Q

when should you consider culling a cow for peripheral nerve injuries?

A

48 hours

32
Q

what are the forms of white muscle disease?

A

cardiac form
musculoskeletal form

33
Q

what does the musculoskeletal form of white muscle disease present as?

A

tongue/pharynx: poor suckle with secondary pneumonia
skeletal muscles: generalized weakness

34
Q

how can you treat white muscle disease?

A

selenium supplementation

35
Q

how do cows get Clostridium septicum?

A

direct inoculation of muscle by penetrating wound
injection through dirty hide

36
Q

what do anaerobic conditions in muscle lead to in clostridial diseases?

A

vegetative growth and release of exotoxins

37
Q

what are the signs of Clostridium chauvoei?

A

sudden death
toxemia
hemorrhagic, swollen muscle with gas
fever, depression, anorexia

38
Q

what are the signs of Clostridium septicum?

A

sudden death
toxemia
swollen muscles with pitting edema
fever, depression, anorexia

39
Q

how can you treat clostridial diseases?

A

high doses of penicillin
open affected muscle to introduce oxygen

A. Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery (24 decks)

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