Small Ruminant Part II Flashcards
how much fetal growth occurs in the last 6-8 weeks of pregnancy?
70-80%
what is primary ketosis?
undernutrition/starvation
dam cannot consume enough nutrients to support her pregnancy and herself
what are early signs of pregnancy toxemia?
decreased aggressiveness at feeding
spending more time lying down
what is the cutoff for ketones in small ruminants?
> 0.8 mmol/L
how can you treat mild signs of pregnancy toxemia?
oral propylene glycol
increase nutrient density
what do dams with pregnancy toxemia have increased risk of?
dystocia
how can you prevent pregnancy toxemia with nutrition?
diagnose pregnancy early by ultrasound
feed grain during last 6 weeks of pregnancy
high quality nutrient dense hay
plenty of space at feeder
when does hemolytic crisis occur with copper toxicity?
copper levels exceed 150 ppm
how can you diagnose copper toxicity on necropsy?
icterus
“gunmetal kidneys”
what does floppy kid syndrome/watery mouth disease look like?
sudden onset of profound weakness, anorexia, drooling
normal temperature
what temperature in a neonatal small ruminant is mild/moderate hypothermia?
98-101F
what is the most commonly isolated organism from sheep and goat milk?
coagulase-negative staph
how much do twins increase the dam’s nutritional needs?
1.75-2x maintenance
what is secondary ketosis?
another disease temporarily interferes with feed consumption inhibiting adequate energy intake
what are late signs of pregnancy toxemia?
incoordination
inability to stand
refuses to eat at all
death
how can you diagnose pregnancy toxemia?
suspect with any sick doe/ewe in late pregnancy
ketostix- urine
BHBA meter- blood
what should you add to IV fluids for moderate/severe pregnancy toxemia?
dextrose
calcium
what do lambs and kids have increased risks of if their mom has pregnancy toxemia?
abnormal nursing
weakness
decreased respiratory function
decreased weight gain
over 2x more likely to die before 3 months of age
when can hypocalcemia occur with ewes?
late pregnancy or early postpartum
when can copper toxicity occur in sheep with normal copper consumption?
relative deficiency of molybdenum, zinc, calcium, or sulfate
what are signs of copper toxicity?
weakness
anemia
icterus
hemoglobinemia
hemoglobinuria
sudden death
how can you treat copper toxicity?
ammonium tetrathiomolydate IV
ammonium molybdate and sodium sulfate orally 3 weeks
D-penicillamine orally
supportive care
what is the etiology of floppy kid syndrome/watery mouth disease in lambs?
metabolic acidosis
maybe excessive milk or sepsis
what should you check in severe hypothermia?
blood glucose: high probability of hypoglycemia
what agents can cause mastitis?
Staph aureus
Strep spp
coliforms
Mycoplasma spp
what are signs of gangrenous mastitis?
cold skin of teat/udder
progresses rapidly to blueish discoloration
toxemia
+/- death within 24 hours
