Diarrheal Diseases of Adult Dairy Cattle Flashcards
when does winter dysentery occur?
october through mid april
how can you prevent winter dysentery?
hygeine
cattle movement
add forage to diet
direct fed microbials
what causes johne’s disease?
Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
what is the incubation period of johne’s disease?
2-5 years
what is the chance that a fetus in a johne’s positive cow gets johne’s disease?
25%
what is stage I of johne’s disease?
infected but not shedding or showing clinical signs
how can you prevent johne’s disease?
remove calves from dams at birth
don’t pool colostrum
prevent fecal-oral transmission
watch the flow of manure on farm
what are the sources of salmonella for cattle?
wild birds
rodents
feed
carrier cattle
how is salmonella transmitted?
fecal-oral
what are the signs of Salmonella dublin in adults?
most asymptomatic
fever
decreased production
mastitis
abortion
how are most cattle affected by bovine virus diarrhea?
subclinical
what is seen in a calf that is infected en uteru with bovine virus diarrhea?
congenital defects
reproductive failure
persistent infection
what are the reproductive consequences of bovine virus diarrhea?
infertility
early embryonic death
abortion
when does an animal become infected with persistent infection of bovine virus diarrhea?
40-125 days of gestation with non-cytopathic virus
what are the reproductive consequences of mineral deficiencies- copper?
decreased conception
abortion
anestrus
which cattle are most affected by intestinal parasitism?
youngstock in pasture
what are morbidity and mortality like of winter dysentery?
high morbidity
low mortality
what diarrhea does winter dysentery cause?
explosive, semi-fluid, dark brown, malodorous diarrhea with bubbles
how can you treat tenesmus in winter dysentery?
epidural
what is the reaction in johne’s disease from?
granulomatous reaction in colonized tissues due to failed immune response
what are the signs of johne’s disease?
weight loss
diarrhea
ventral edema
good appetite
chronic wasting <5%
how do calves become infected with johne’s?
25% in utero
10% by colostrum
fecal-oral
what are the costs of johne’s?
premature culling
susceptibility to other diseases
decreased production
decreased fertility
decreased feed efficiency
decreased meat value
increased mastitis
increased veterinary costs
loss of replacement animals
what is stage II of johne’s disease?
infected, shedding, but no clinical signs
what is the preferred test for johne’s?
cultures from environment and PCR
fecal PCR
at what levels of johne’s should you just use management strategies?
0-5%
what is the sensitivity of the fecal culture for subclinical and clinical johne’s?
40% subclinical
85% clinical
how can you prevent johne’s?
test cows at dry off
cull high positives
do not breed moderate positives
negatives in clean calving pen and keep colostrum
what serovars of Salmonella are not host adapted?
B
C
E
what are signs of salmonellosis?
fever
diarrhea often with blood
endotoxemia
abortion
diptheretic membranes
how long can Salmonella dublin be shed?
for life
what are the signs of Salmonella dublin in calves?
fever
obtundation
anorexia
pneumonia
dehydration
septicemia
how can you treat salmonella?
supportive care
antibiotics for severely affected
what are the types of bovine virus diarrhea?
cytopathic
non-cytopathic
what are clinical signs of bovine virus diarrhea?
subclinical- most
acute: fever, depression, diarrhea, oral lesions, immunosuppression
thrombocytopenia
immunosuppression
congenital defects
reproductive failure
persistent infection
can persistently infected animals become infected with non-homologous strains?
yes
how can you diagnose bovine virus diarrhea?
PCR whole blood
tissue biopsy
bulk tank or blood PCR
necropsy
how can you treat acute bovine virus diarrhea virus?
fluids
antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
palatable feeds
move to low-stress environment
how can you prevent bovine virus diarrhea?
vaccination
test and cull
maintain closed herd or test additions
biosecurity
what signs are seen with copper deficiencies?
diarrhea
anemia
loss of pigment
emaciation
bone abnormalities
stiffness
what is seen with cobalt deficiency?
diarrhea
pica
weight loss
anemia
what parasites can be in the abomasum?
ostertagia
Haemonchus placei
Trichostrongylus
what parasites can be in the intestines that suck blood?
Bunostomum
Cooperia
