Calf Diarrhea Flashcards
what is moderate diarrhea like?
decreased suckle reflex
weak, but able to rise
possibly febrile
moderate dehydration, electrolyte imbalances
when are calves susceptible to E. coli?
days 1-3
what is the incubation period of rotavirus?
24 hours
what is the incubation of coronavirus?
2 days
how prevalent is Cryptosporidium parvum?
close to 100% of dairy calves
how should you treat mild diarrhea?
oral fluid/electrolyte supplementation
+/- antibiotics
do not skip or replace more than one milk feeding
what are the four requirements for oral fluid therapy?
sufficient NaCl to normalize ECF volume
provide agents to facilitate absorption of water and sodium from gut
correct metabolic acidosis usually present in diarrheic calves
provide additional energy
what is severe diarrhea like?
absent suckle reflex
recumbent/comatose
hypothermic
severe dehydration/electrolyte derangements
possible multiple organ failure
what is the most important cause of neonatal diarrhea (0-3days)?
enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
what is the most common antigen of enterotoxigenic E. coli?
K99
what is the most common transmission of salmonella?
fecal-oral
how is coccidiosis diagnosed?
fecal flotation
what are the typical metabolic abnormalities?
metabolic acidosis
hyponatremia
hypochloremia
hypoglycemia
hyperkalemia
what is mild diarrhea like?
maintains healthy diet
suckle reflex intact
normal hydration or very mild dehydration
what are calves who are less than a week old susceptible to?
E. coli: up to 3 days
Salmonella
rotavirus possible
coronavirus possible
when are calves susceptible to crypto?
7-21 days
what does rotavirus do?
destroys villous enterocytes
immature replacement crypt cells unable to absorb nutrients
what does coronavirus do?
destroys crypts and ridges of small intestine and large intestine
more severe than rotavirus
what is Cryptosporidium parvum?
protozoa
complex life cycle: asexual and sexual components
when does tissue destruction occur with Cryptosporidium parvum?
on merozoite release
is there protection from colostrum or a vaccine for Cryptosporidium parvum?
no
how does enterotoxigenic E. coli cause diarrhea?
toxin impedes the absorption of NaCl and leads to secretion of chloride and bicarbonate
when is the K99 antigen to E. coli expressed?
when pH > 6.5
how does enterotoxigenic E. coli lead to septicemia?
failure of passive transfer
access through naval, intestine or mucus membranes
which antibiotics are used for enterotoxigenic E. coli septicemia?
ceftiofur
ampicillin
what are the clinical signs with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxemia?
colic
bloat
depression
diarrhea
acute death
diffuse or multifocal hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis and bloody fluid distension of intestine
which serovar of salmonella is most common in calves <2 months of age?
S. enteritica serovar Typhimurium
what are signs of coccidioisis?
diarrhea
poor weight gain
rough hair coats
sometimes neurological
how can you treat coccidioisis?
amprolium
sulfadimethoxime
how can you treat moderate to severe diarrhea?
oral fluids/electrolytes
SQ or IV fluids with glucose and bicarbonate
+/- parenteral antibiotics
single dose of NSAID or steroid
what is the base deficit in a weak calf?
10-15 mEq/L
how can you calculate the bicarbonate requirement for a calf?
body weight x base deficit x 0.5-0.6
