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BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences > Skull Development > Flashcards

Skull Development Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skull?

A

Neurocranium
Viscerocranium

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2
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

forms a protective case around the brain

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3
Q

What is the visceromembrane?

A

Forms the skeleton of the face

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4
Q

What are the 2 parts of the neurocranium?

A
  1. Membranous neurocranium
  2. Cartilaginous neurocranium
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5
Q

What is the membranous neurocranium?

A

roof and sides of the skull develops from neural crest cells.

They undergo membranous ossification to from flat bones.

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6
Q

Do the membranous neurocranium bones fuse?

A

No
Allow distortion to pass through the birth canal

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7
Q

How many Fontanelles are there?

A

6

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8
Q

What process allows the cartilaginous neurocranium to fuse and ossify?

A

By endochondral ossification

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9
Q

What part of the skull do the cartilaginous neurocranium form?

A

Form the base of the skull

Cranial base

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10
Q

What is the prechondral chondocranium?

A

In front of the pituitary gland, delivered from neural crest cells

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11
Q

Where is the Chondral chonrocranium found?

A

Posterior to pituitary and arise from paradisal mesoderm

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12
Q

What is another name for the cartilaginous neurocranium?

A

Chondrocranium

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13
Q

Where is the cranial base found?

A

Underlies the brain

Basilar and lateral occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal bones)

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14
Q

Name structures, blue, light blue and yellow

A
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15
Q

What is the vicerocranium mainly formed of?

A

First 2pharyngeal arches

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16
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5

1-6

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17
Q

How do the pharyngeal arches form?

A

Development in a craniocaudal sequence

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18
Q

When do the first pair of pharyngeal arches form?

A

Day 22

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19
Q

Whe do the 2nd an d3rd pairs of pharyngeal appear?

A

Day 24

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20
Q

What day do the 4th and 6th pairs of pharyngeal arches form?

A

Day 29

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21
Q

What is cephalogenesis?

A

The formation of the head in the developing embryo

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22
Q

What does the early chrondates have?

A

Notch cord for support
Simple nervous system
Segmented muscle blocks
Branching clefts

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23
Q

What cartilages support the notochord in the head region?

A

Occipital and parachondral

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24
Q

Does the chrondate have a jaw?

A

No

Called agnathia

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25
Q

What is the role of the cartilaginous capsule?

A

To protect sense organs

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26
Q

What modifies to form the jaw?

A

First arch cartilage

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27
Q

What element becomes the upper jaw?

A

Palatopterygo quadrants bar

28
Q

What element becomes the lower jaw?

A

Meckles cartilage

29
Q

What forms the TMJ?

A

Fibrous connection between the upper and lower jaw

30
Q

How do the additional bony element to protect the skull develop?

A

This is from the neuroectoderm, from which neural crest cell migrate and differentiate into ectomesenchyme

31
Q

Name sections A-C of the newborn skull

A

A - neural crest
B -sclerotome
C - cranial paradisal mesenchyme

32
Q

What genes play. A role in craniofacial development?

A

Hox genes

33
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches rely on for proper development?

A

Hox genes

34
Q

What signalling pathways regulate the cal arias growth and cranial suture morphogenesis?

A

Shh
BMPs
TGF
FGFRsMSX1

35
Q

Where is the anterior fontanelle found and when does it fuse?

A

Between the frontal parietal bones

2years

36
Q

Where is the posterior fontanelle found and when does it fuse?

A

Between parietal and occipital bones

2-3 years

37
Q

What are the 4 fontanellles?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Sphenoid
Mastoid

38
Q

What is the suture in between the frontal bones?

A

Metopic suture

39
Q

What processes are a scent I a new born?

A

Mastoid and styled processes

40
Q

What facial nerve may be injured during a foreclosure delivery?

A

Facial nerve

41
Q

What is postnatal growth of the skull concerned with?

A

Development of the vicerocranium

42
Q

When does the facial skeleton increase usually?

A

Childhood and puberty

43
Q

What does the spheno-occipital synchondrosis allow?

A

Allows anterior posterior growth of the skull
closes around the age of 20

44
Q

What occurs/forms during the embryonic period?

A

Pharyngeal arches
Facial development
Ossification centres

45
Q

What occurs during the fetal period?

A

Continued ossification

46
Q

What happens during the post-natal period?

A

Closure of fontanelle
Growth of facial bones
Growth of skull vault
Expansion of sinuses
Fusion of sutures
Eruption of teeth

47
Q

Name the cranial sutures

A

Metopic/frontal suture
Sagitta suture
Coronal suture
Lambdoid suture
Squamosal suture

48
Q

Name the 8 facial sutures

A
49
Q

What is vault growth directly related to?

A

Brain development

50
Q

What can problems in brain development effect?

A

Growth of skull and skull

51
Q

Compare the growth of the vault size and skull as a whole?

A

Skull as a whole grows most rapidly from birth to 7th year but vault size increases most during the first year

52
Q

When does the brain complete its maximum size?

A

2 years

53
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

a disorder that involves premature fusion of the cranial vault sutures causing abnormal and disproportionate growth of the cranial bones during development

54
Q

Describe cephalon disorders

A

are a group of abnormalities that relate to a wide range of skeletal (skull) and neural (brain) associated defects.

55
Q

Name neural associated disorders

A

•Anencephaly, Hydrocephalus, Encephalocele, Colpocephaly (occipital horn enlargement), Lissencephaly (smooth brain), Porencephaly (cyst or cavity in cerebral hemisphere), Acephaly (absence of head), Exencephaly (brain outside skull), Macrocephaly (large head), Micrencephaly (small brain),

56
Q

Does craniosynostosis occur only in isolation?

A

No, can show as part of several syndromes

57
Q

What sutures are associated with non-syndromes craniosynostosis?

A

Sagittal suture - Scaphocephaly
◦Unicoronal suture - Plagiocephaly
◦Metopic suture - Trigonocephaly
◦Bicoronal sutures - Brachycephaly or Turricephaly or both

58
Q

How would you identify non-syndromal craniosynostosis?

A

Classified morphology by the suture involved and subsequent skull shape

59
Q

What are the side effects of craniosynostosis?

A

Increased intracranial pressure and development delay is rare

Usually need surgery to correct

60
Q

What skull shape is common in syndromal craniosynostosis?

A

Turribrachycephalic skull shape is common

61
Q

How is craniosynostosis inherited?

A

All are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, except Carpenter syndrome, which is recessive.

62
Q

What type of craniosynostosis is more common to have developmental delay?

A

Non-syndromal

63
Q

What type of craniosynostosis is shown here?

A

Scaphocephaly

64
Q

What type of craniosynostosis is shown?

A

Plagiocephaly

65
Q

What type of craniosynostosis is shown?

A

Trigonocephaly

BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences (37 decks)

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