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BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences > Skin (1) Epidermis > Flashcards

Skin (1) Epidermis Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 primary tissues of the skin?

A

epithelium
connective tissue
muscle
nerve

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2
Q

What are epidermal cells called?

A

keratinocytes

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3
Q

Does the skin have itsown nerve an dblood supply?

A

YES

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4
Q

What is one of the first organs noticeable in patients?

A

skin

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5
Q

What are some pathological conditions associated with skin?

A

sunburn, acne, eczema, psoriasis, melanoma

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6
Q

What can the skin reveal about a patient?

A

Provides important external evidence of underlying systemic conditions: eg. liver disease, systemic sclerosis, mitral stenosis, urticaria

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7
Q

What are the 3 main layers of skin?

A
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8
Q

What is the role of the epidermis?

A

prevents water loss by evaporation

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9
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A
  • reduces risk of external injury
  • maintains the epidermis by its blood flow
  • permits body cooling
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10
Q

What are some general functions of the skin?

A

Immune surveillance
UV protection
Energy storage
sensory information

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11
Q

What layer of the skin prevents water loss by evaporation?

A

epidermis

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12
Q

Name skin layers A-C

A
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13
Q

What characterises the epidermis?

A

epithelium

Forms boundary between internal and external environments

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14
Q

What characterises the dermis?

A

connective tissue

  • Gives structural strength
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15
Q

What characterises the hypodermis?

A

adipose tissue

anchors skin to underlying tissue

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16
Q

Name structures A-C

A
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17
Q

What layer of the skin is characterised by adipose tissue?

A

hypodermis

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18
Q

What layer of skin is characterised by connective tissue?

A

dermis

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19
Q

What is the outer layer of the skin?

A

epidermis

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20
Q

How many strata does the epidermis have?

A

5

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21
Q

What does strata mean?

A

sublayers

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22
Q

Define the epithelium - tissue morphology?

A

Epithelium = stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

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23
Q

How many basic types of epidermal cells are there?

A

4

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24
Q

What are the 4 basic types of epidermal cells?

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. langerhans cells
  4. Merkel cells
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25
Q

What is the most frequent type of epidermal cell in the epithelium?

A

keratinocytes

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26
Q

What is the role/characterise keratinocytes?

A

– Most frequent, contain keratin (contains sulphur), hard, resistance to abrasion.
– Extrude lipids – waterproofing.
– Constantly dividing – self regeneration protecting from trauma and other damage.

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27
Q

What do keratinocytes extrude?

A

lipids - waterproofing

28
Q

Why do the keratinocytes constantly renew?

A

protecting from trauma and other damage.

29
Q

What are arrows A-C pointing to? (epidermal cells)

A
30
Q

What is the role of melanocytes?

A

PIGMENT FUNCTION

31
Q

What is the role of langerhans cells?

A

immune surveillance

32
Q

What is the role of Merkel cells?

A

touch receptors

33
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A
  • Str basale
  • Str spinosum
  • Str granulosum
  • Str lucidum
  • Str corneum
34
Q

Are the layers of the epidermal layers sharply defined?

A

NO

35
Q

Name layers A-E of the epidermis

A
36
Q

Describe the tissue of the Stratum basale layer of the epidermis

A

Tall columnar cells interspersed with melanocytes and Merkel cells

37
Q

What cells are found in the Stratum basale?

A

melanocytes and Merkel cells

38
Q

How are cells bound to the basal membrane of in the epithelium?

A

hemidesmosomes

39
Q

What direction do keratinocytes mature?

A

inside to surface

40
Q

How would you describe the interface between the dermis and stratum basale?

A

irregular

41
Q

How is there constant cell proliferation in the stratum basale?

A

undifferentiated stem cells

42
Q

How would you describe the stratum spinosum?

A

spinous layer

43
Q

What layer of the epidermis is the Str spinous located?

A

The stratum spinosum is a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale

44
Q

How does the stratum spinosum form spines?

A

Created post-mortem:
Cells shrink but desmosome junctions
“create” spines

Their spiny appearance is due to shrinking of the microfilaments between desmosomes

45
Q

What is the stratum spinosum composed of?

A

polyhedral keratinocytes

46
Q

What is the stratum spinosum joined with?

A

desmosomes

47
Q

How is the stratum spinosum involved in making keratin cells?

A

Preparative layer for keratinisation

48
Q

What epidermal layers does the stratum granulosum lie in-between?

A

Above the Stratum spinosum and below the Stratum lucidum

49
Q

What defines the stratum granulosum?

A

Presence of granules defines the layer

50
Q

What granules in the stratum granulosum contain possible precursors of keratin?

A

Granules of keratohyalin (possible precursors of keratin)

51
Q

Name epithelial layers A-D

A
52
Q

What layer of the epithelium is shown here?

A

stratum granulosum

53
Q

What 2 layers are difficult to distinguish?

A

Stratum lucidum & Stratum corneum

54
Q

What layers are responsible for the conversion of keratohyalin to keratin?

A

Stratum lucidum & Stratum corneum

55
Q

What give the Stratum lucidum & Stratum corneum strength?

A

disulphide linkages

56
Q

Does the Stratum corneum have organelles?

A

NO

57
Q

What binds cells together in the Stratum lucidum & Stratum corneum?

A

desmosomes

58
Q

What is the turnover of Stratum lucidum & Stratum corneum?

A

15-30 day turnover

59
Q

Name areas of the body with thick skin

A

palms of hands and soles of foot

60
Q

Name areas of the body with thin skin

A

abdominal skin

61
Q

Is this an image of thick of think skin?

A

Thick

62
Q

Is this an image of thick of thin skin?

A

Thin

63
Q

Which image is thick skin and which is thin skin?

A

left thin
right thick

64
Q

Can skin thickness be dynamic?

A

YES

65
Q

What layer of skin varies the most in epidermal thickness?

A

stratum corneum

(dermis also does)

66
Q
A

BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences (37 decks)

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